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    DNA Finger Printing

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    Aqib Khalid
    DNA fingerprinting is a technique used to identify individuals using samples of their DNA. It involves isolating DNA from a biological sample, cutting the DNA into fragments using restriction enzymes, and separating the fragments by size to create a unique fingerprint-like pattern. This pattern can be used to identify individuals for purposes like diagnosing inherited disorders, solving crimes by matching DNA evidence to suspects, and identifying military casualties.

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    DNA Finger Printing

    Uploaded by

    Aqib Khalid
    34 views12 pages
    DNA fingerprinting is a technique used to identify individuals using samples of their DNA. It involves isolating DNA from a biological sample, cutting the DNA into fragments using restriction enzymes, and separating the fragments by size to create a unique fingerprint-like pattern. This pattern can be used to identify individuals for purposes like diagnosing inherited disorders, solving crimes by matching DNA evidence to suspects, and identifying military casualties.

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    DNA fingerprinting is a technique used to identify individuals using samples of their DNA. It involves isolating DNA from a biological sample, cutting the DNA into fragments using restriction enzymes, and separating the fragments by size to create a unique fingerprint-like pattern. This pattern can be used to identify individuals for purposes like diagnosing inherited disorders, solving crimes by matching DNA evidence to suspects, and identifying military casualties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    34 views12 pages

    DNA Finger Printing

    Uploaded by

    Aqib Khalid
    DNA fingerprinting is a technique used to identify individuals using samples of their DNA. It involves isolating DNA from a biological sample, cutting the DNA into fragments using restriction enzymes, and separating the fragments by size to create a unique fingerprint-like pattern. This pattern can be used to identify individuals for purposes like diagnosing inherited disorders, solving crimes by matching DNA evidence to suspects, and identifying military casualties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 12

    DNA Fingerprinting

    DNA Fingerprinting

    • DNA Fingerprinting is a way to identify a certain individual, rather than simply

    identifying a species or a particular trait

    • A technique used by scientists to distinguish between individuals of the same species

    using only samples of their DNA

    • The process of DNA fingerprinting was invented by Alex Jeffreys in 1985


    Biological Sample used for DNA Fingerprinting

    • Blood
    • Hair

    • Saliva
    • Semen
    • Body tissue cells
    Steps to DNA Fingerprinting
    • There are 8 steps for DNA Fingerprinting

    • Step 1: Isolation of DNA

    o DNA must be recovered from cells or tissue.

    o Only a small amount of blood, hair, or skin is needed to isolate DNA


    Steps to DNA Fingerprinting
    • Step 2:Digestion of DNA by restriction endonucleases
    o The DNA is cut into fragments using restriction enzymes
    o Each restriction enzyme cuts DNA at a specific base sequence

    o The sections of DNA that are cut out are called restriction fragments

    o This yields thousands of restriction fragments of all different sizes because the base
    sequences being cut may be far apart (long fragment) or close together (short fragment)
    o Commonly used RE are (hae III, Hinf I, Alu I etc.)

    o Reaction mixture is incubated overnight at 37C


    Steps to DNA Fingerprinting
    • Step 3: Electrophoretic separation of different fragments
    • Fragments are separated on the basis of size using a process called gel
    electrophoresis
    • DNA fragments are injected into wells and an electric current is applied along the
    gel.
    • DNA is negatively charged so it is attracted to the positive end of the gel.

    • The shorter DNA fragments move faster than the longer fragments
    • DNA is separated on basis of size.
    Steps to DNA Fingerprinting
    • Step 4: Transfer DNA on Nylon/Nitrocellulose membrane
    o The DNA fragments are transferred to a nylon sheet by placing the sheet on the gel
    and soaking them overnight by the process southern blot.

    • Step5: Probing/probe labeling


    o Adding radioactive or colored probes to the nylon sheet which is complementary to
    target sequences
    o Each probe only sticks to one or two specific places on the sheet
    Steps to DNA Fingerprinting
    • Step 6: Hybridization
    o Labeled probe DNA should be hybridized with the complementary sequences located
    on nylon membrane for the detection of position of later
    o Membrane is washed to remove non specific binding and clearing of the background
    • Step 7: Autoradiography
    o To detect the sequences in genome bound with the hybridized radioactive probe on
    membrane
    o Technique involves alignment of hybridized membrane with X-ray film
    o The X-ray film alter its development shows multiple no. of bands that looks like bar
    codes and known as DNA fingerprints.
    Steps to DNA Fingerprinting
    • Step 8: Interpretation of band patterns

    o Analysis of band patterns of different individuals

    o Comparison of position of bands

    o Computer software are also available for the analysis of DNA fingerprints.
    Uses
    • Diagnosis of Inherited Disorders

    o Helps diagnose disorders in both prenatal and newborn babies

    o Disorders may include cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, Huntington’s disease, familial

    Alzheimer’s, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and much more.


    Uses
    • Crime
    o Forensic science is the use of scientific knowledge in legal situations.
    o The DNA profile of each individual is highly specific.
    o The chances of two people having exactly the same DNA profile is 30,000 million to
    1 (except for identical twins).
    • Personal Identification
    o The U.S. armed services are just beginning a program where they collect DNA
    fingerprints from all personnel for later use, incase they need to identify casualties or
    missing people
    Some Other Uses of DNA fingerprinting
    • Identification of carcass of tissues
    • Detection of somatic mutations or cancer
    • Pathogen identification
    • Detection of loci controlling quantitative traits or disease resistance

    • Sex determination
    • Individual identification

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