GROUP 1 19th Century Philippines As Rizals Context FINAL FILEEEE

THE 19TH CENTURY
PHILIPPINES
AS RIZAL'S CONTEXT
Presented by:
Abdullah, Ericka
Gutierrez, Loubelle Nicole
Nalual, Hazel
Saron, Rona Joy
Torion, Melgen
19TH CENTURY
-commonly depicted as the birth of modern life, as well
as the birth of many nation-states around the globe.
THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT

The four historical elements basically compose the economic context.
1565 Suez Canal 1820 Monopoly
Galleon Trade 1869 Exports Post-Galleon Era

END OF GALLEON TRADE
Galleon Trade was a government monopoly.
The Galleon Trade (1565 to 1815 was a ship ("galleon") trade
going back and forth between Manila and Acapulco, Mexico.
Started when Andres de Urdaneta in convoy under Miguel Lopez

de Legaspi, discovered a return route from Cebu to Mexico in
1565.
The trade served as the central income-generating

business for Spanish colonists in the Philippines.
Philippines to Mexico Mexico to Philippines
mango de Manila, tamarind and rice, the
flora and fauna, guava, avocado,
carabao,Chinese tea and textiles, fireworks
papaya, pineapple, horses, and cattle
display, and tuba (coconut wine)
On September 14, 1815, the Galleon Trade

ended with Mexico's war of independence.
The Spanish Crown decreed an end to the
route in 1813, but one final Manila galleon,
the San Fernando, sailed to Acapulco in
1815.
THE OPENING OF
SUEZ CANAL
• Constructed by the Suez Canal

Company between 1859 to 1869
• Artificial sea-level waterway in under French diplomat Ferdinand de
Egypt, the canal connects the Lesseps.
Mediterranean Sea through the • Officially opened on November 17,
Isthmus of Suez. 1869
• It became a huge • Served as a significant that
advantage in commercial enables the growth if
enterprises, especially nationalistic desires of Jose
between Europe and East Rizal and other Filipino
ilustrados.
Asia.
The availability of Suez Canal has also encouraged the ilustrados,

especially Jose Rizal, to pursue education abroad to learn scientific and
liberal in European academic institutions.
RISE OF THE EXPORT OF CROP ECONOMY
The end of Galleon Trade between 1820 and 1870 paved way to
development of an export crop company. This phenomenon
provided opportunity to Chinese increase in population. They
were concentrated in Manila before but were migrated to other
parts of the country. They also served as the brokers of the
products exported and imported by North European and North
America.
The products produced and exported to foreign markets were

sugar, Manila Hemp and coffee
MONOPOLIES
• Monopoly is the exclusive possession or control of the supply of

or trade in a commodity or service. The Spanish government had
to find a way of increasing its revenue by monopoly contracting.
After 1850, the government opened monopoly contracts to
foreigners for the first time. The Chinese took advantage of the
opportunity. They enjoyed the pre-eminent position of monopoly
contracting for the rest of the 19th century.
• Among all the products being monopolized by the government,
the most controversial and oppressive was the Tabaco monopoly.
Governor Jose Basco ordered the Philippines Tobacco under the
government control, thereby establishing Tobacco Monopoly
Tobacco monopoly
• The colonial government exported the products all over Asia and
other parts of Europe. Philippine tobacco became prominent. The
decree resulted to shortage of foods for farmers became too
engrossed in planting tobacco.
• The monopoly was finally abolished in 1882. The hardship and
social injustice done by the monopoly provoked the Filipinos to
seek freedom from colonial bondage.
THE SOCIAL BACKGROUND
Education in the 19th Century
With the coming of Spanish colonizers, the European system of education was somewhat introduced to the
archipelago. Schools were stablished and run by Catholic missionaries.
Aiming to convert the natives to the Catholic faith and make them obedient, the colonial government and the
Catholic Church made religion a compolsory subject at all levels.
King Philip It’s Leyes de Indias (Laws of the Indies) mandated Spanish authoriries in the Philippines to educate the
locals, to teach them how to read and write and to learn Spanish. The Spanish missionaries thus established
schools, somewhat educated the natives, but did not seriously teach them the Spanish language. The first formal
schools in the land were the parochial schools opened in their parishes by the missionaries, such as the
Augustinians, Franciscans, Jesuits, and Dominicans. Aside from religion, the native children were taught reading,
writing, arithmetic, and some vocational and practical arts subjects.
University education was opened in the country during the early part of the 17th century. Initially, the colleges
and universities were open only to the Spaniards and those with Spanish blood (medtizos). It was only in the 19th
century that these universities atarted accepting native Filipinos. In 1863, a royal decree called for the establishment
of a public school system in the Philippines, Formerly run totally by religious authorities, the education in the colony
was thus finally administered by the government during the last half of the 19th century thought even then the
church controlled its curriculum. Previously exclusive for Spaniards and Spanish mestizos, universities became open
to natives though they limited their accommodations to the sons of wealthy Indio families.
THE SOCIAL BACKGROUND
Education in the 19th Century
Nonetheless, as a result of the growing number of educated natives, a new social class in the country emerged,
which came to be known as the Ilustrados. But despite their wealth and education, the ilustrados were still deemed
by the Spaniards as inferior. One of the aims of the ilustrados was to be in the same level with the proud Spaniards.
With the opening of the Suez Canal, which made the travel to Europe faster, easier, and more affordable many
locals took advantage of the chance to pursue higher and better education in the continent, typically in Madrid and
Barcelona. Their nationalism andhe thirst for reform bloomed in the liberal atmosphere. The new enlightened class
in the Philippine society would later lead the Philippine independence movement using the Spanish language as
their key means of communication. Out of this talented group of students from the Philippines arose what came to
be known as the Propaganda Movement. The most prominent of the Ilustrados was Jose Rizal who inspired the
craving for freedom and independence with his novels written In Spanish.
THE RISE OF CHINESE
MESTIZO
At the beginning of the 19th century, economic and political changes in Europe were finally starting to affect Spain, and
consequently the Philippines. Significant as an impetus to broader trade was the gradual abolition of the monopoly
enjoyed by the Manila-Acapulco Galleon. Upon the elimination of the galleon trade, Manila became open to foreign
merchants almost without restriction by the mid-1830s. The demand for Philippine sugar and abaca (hemp) grew
swiftly, and the amount of exports to European countries increased even more after the opening of the Suez Canal in
1869.
The development of commercia agriculture in the archipelago resulted in the presence of a new class. Alongside the
landholdings of the church and the rice states of the pre-Spanish nobility, there emerged haciendas of sugar, coffee and
hemp typically owned by enterprising Chinese- Filipino mestizos.
In a larger perspective, the fast rhythm of economic progress in the Philippines during the 19th century expedited by
some mentioned factors resulted in the rise of a new breed of rich and influential Filipino middle class. Non-existent in
earlier centuries, this class composed of Spanish and Chinese mestizos ascended to a position of power in the
Philippines society and in due course became leaders in education and finance. This middle class included:
"the ilustrados who belonged to the landed gendry and who were highly respected in their respective pueblos or
towns, though regarded as filibusteros or rebels by the friars. The relative prosperity of the period has enabled them to
send their sons to Spain and Europe for higher studies. Most of them later become members of freemasonry in active in
the Propaganda Movement some of them sensed the failure of reformism and turned to radicalism, and looked up to
Rizal as their leader" (Vallano.)
The rise of inquilinos
At least in modern Spanish, the term inquilino has the
same meaning as the English "tenant". Contextually, the
19th Century inquilino system in the Philippines is
better understood as a qualified system of tenancy or
the right to use land exchange for rent.
THE POLITICAL LANDSCAPE
The so called political influences affecting the 19th century-Philippines largely impacted the
locals, particularly Jose Rizal. Under these political influences, worthy of mention are Liberalism,
Impact of Bourbon reforms, and the Cadiz Constitution.
LIBERALISM
Liberalism is a worldview founded on Liberals normally believe that
ideas of freedom and equality. It government is necessary to
includes a wide range of political
protect individuals from being
philosophies that consider individual
liberty to be the most significant
abused by others though they are
political goal, and underscore also aware that government itself
individual rights and equality of can pose a threat to liberty.
opportunity.
THE IMPACT OF THE BOURBON
REFORMS
The Bourbon reforms succeeded

in raising revenue and increasing
silver production in Spanish
America. While the changes in
tax collection and trade policy
had a significant impact on the
economic success of the
colonies, the domestic industries
suffered under the Bourbon FERDINAND VI
PHILIP V
reforms. (Spanish: Fernando; 23
(Spanish: Felipe; 19 December
1683 – 9 July 1746) September 1713 – 10 August
1759)
THE CADIZ CONSTITUTION
a Spanish constitution, adopted by the
constituent Cortes in Cádiz on Mar. 18,
1812, and made public on Mar. 19, 1812,
during the Spanish Revolution of 1808-14.
The constitution declared that
“sovereignty resides in the nation, which
retains the exclusive right to establish its
own fundamental laws”
SEEING RIZAL'S LIFE IN HIS
SOCIETY
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!

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THE 19TH CENTURY

THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT

1565 Suez Canal 1820 Monopoly

Galleon Trade 1869 Exports Post-Galleon Era

Started when Andres de Urdaneta in convoy under Miguel Lopez

The trade served as the central income-generating

On September 14, 1815, the Galleon Trade

• Constructed by the Suez Canal

The availability of Suez Canal has also encouraged the ilustrados,

The products produced and exported to foreign markets were

• Monopoly is the exclusive possession or control of the supply of

The Bourbon reforms succeeded

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