Chapter-8-Collection-of-Data (Research)

Republic of the Philippines

CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Burias, Mambusao, Capiz

GRADUATE SCHOOL
EDUC 203
METHODS OF
RESEARCH
JENNEFER F. INOCENCIO
PATRIZZIA ANN OCBINA NOEME V. BARGO
JEY A. EQUIA Professor
MARCO H. RESOLIS
MM Students / Reporters
Reporter’s Profile
JENNEFER F. INOCENCIO JEY A. EQUIA
PATRIZZIA ANN OCBINA MARCO H. RESOLIS

Chapter 8
DATA COLLECTION :
PRIMARY &
SECONDARY
Objectives of data collection
Define what is Data Collection

Identify the two approaches of collecting Data
Discuss the purposes and types of data collection
Compare the two classifications of Data
Understand the process of Selecting and Constructing
Data Collection Instruments
Interpret the Results of Experiments (Mean,
Median, Range and Mode)
Apply the process of collecting data in undertaking
simple research
By: Jennefer F. Inocencio
INTRODUCTION
 preparing and collecting data
 Systematic gathering of data
 basic inputs to any decision making

process
The heart of Research.
(Sapsford & Jupp, 2006)
Consider:
Aim
Types of data
Methods and procedures
PURPOSE OF DATA
COLLECTION
 The purpose of data collection
is-
 to obtain information
 to keep on record

to make decisions
about important
issues,
 to pass information
on to others
to obtain information
to keep on record
to make decisions about
important issues
to pass information on to others
Data Collection
Fundamentally - 2 types of data
and
Data Collection
Quantitative Data
- Data in numerical form
- Data that can be precisely measured

age, cost, length, height, area, volume, weight, speed, time,
and temperature
15
Qualitative Data
- Data that deal with description

- Data that can be observed or self-reported, but not always
precisely measured
- Less structured, easier to develop
- Can provide “rich data” — detailed and widely applicable
16
Data Collection
Two Types of Data
Discrete
Numerical
Data
Questionnaire
Experiment Survey and schedule
Observation
Pre-test Activity
Determine the following if they

are considered to be PRIMARY or
SECONDARY source of data.
1. Diary
2.
3.
4. Survey
5. Review
CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
TYPES
PRIMARY SECONDARY
DATA DATA
By: Patrizzia Ann Ocbina

PRIMARY DATA
 collected from the field under the control
and supervision of an investigator
 data that has been collected specially for the
purpose in mind
 generally a fresh and collected for the first time
 It is useful for current studies as well as for
future studies
 For example: your own questionnaire.

Interviews
Primary Research Methods & Techniques
Primary
Researc
h
Quantitative Data Qualitative Data
Surveys Experiments Focus groups

Personal
interview Individual depth
(intercepts) Mechanical
interviews
 Mail observation
 In-house, Human
self- observatio
administer Simulation n
ed
Telephone, Case studies
fax, e-mail, Web
Primary Research Methods & Techniques
 Quantitative and Qualitative Information:
 Quantitative – based on numbers

 doesn’t tell you why, when, how.
 Qualitative – more on details

 tells you why, when and how.
Primary Research Categories
 Quantitative Research
Numerical
Statistically reliable
Projectable to a broader population
Quantitative Research Categories
 Sampling Methods:
 Random Samples – equal chance of anyone
being picked
 May select those not in the target group –
indiscriminate
 Sample sizes may need to be
Large to be representative
 Can be very expensive
 Stratified or Segment Random

Sampling
 Samples on the basis of a
representative strata or segment
 Still random but more focussed
 May give more relevant
information
 May be more cost effective
 Quota Sampling
 Again – by segment
 Not randomly selected
 Specific number on each segment are
interviewed, etc.
 May not be fully representative
 Cheaper method
Qualitative Research Categories
 Qualitative Research
In-depth, insight generating
Non-numerical
‘Directional’
 Common Techniques
Personal interviews (depth, one-on-one)
 Focus groups (8-12) and mini-groups (3-6)
METHODS
 OBSERVATION METHOD
Through personal
observation

PERSONAL
INTERVIEW Through
Questionnaire
 TELEPHONE
INTERVIEW
Through Call outcomes,
Call timings
 MAIL SURVEY
Advantages & Disadvantages of
Primary Data
Advantages
 Targeted Issues are addressed
 Data interpretation is better
 Efficient Spending for Information
 Decency of Data
 Proprietary Issues
 Addresses Specific Research
Issues

Primary Data
Disadvantages
 High Cost
 Time Consuming
 Inaccurate Feed-backs
 More number of resources is
required
SECONDARY DATA
 Data gathered and recorded by someone else prior

to and for a purpose other than the current
project
 Secondary data is data that has been collected for
another purpose.
 It involves less cost, time and effort
 Secondary data is data that is being reused. Usually
in a different context.
 For example: data from a book.
SOURCES
 INTERNAL SOURCES
Internal sources of secondary data are
usually for marketing application-
 Sales Records
 Marketing Activity
 Cost Information
 Distributor reports and feedback
 Customer feedback
SOURCES
 EXTERNAL SOURCES
External sources of secondary data are usually
for Financial application-
 Journals
 Books
 Magazines
 Newspaper
 Libraries
 The Internet
Secondary Data
Advantages
 Ease of Access
 Low Cost to Acquire
 Clarification of Research
Question
 May Answer Research Question
Disadvantages & Disadvantages of
Secondary Data
Disadvantages
 Quality of Research
 Not Specific to Researcher’s Needs
 Incomplete Information
 Not Timely
Selecting and Constructing Data
Collection Instruments
By: Jey A. Equia

Rules for Collecting Data
If must collect original data:
be sensitive to burden on others
establish procedures and follow them (protocol)
maintain accurate records of

definitions and coding
verify accuracy of coding, data input

44
Characteristics of Good Measures
Is the measure relevant?

Is the measure credible?
Is the measure valid?
Is the measure reliable?
45
Does the measure capture what matters?
Do not measure what is easy,

instead of what is needed.
46
IPDET © 2009
Credibility
Is the measure believable?
Will it be viewed as a reasonable

and appropriate way to capture the
information sought?
47
IPDET © 2009
Validity
Refers to the degree to which the instrument measures

what is supposed to measure.
Types of Validity:
Face validity
Content validity
Construct validity
Concurrent validity
Predictive validity 48
Are waiting lists a valid measure of demand?
How well does the measure
capture what it is supposed to?
49
IPDET © 2009
Reliability
Refers to the consistency of measures in an

instrument.
Types of Reliability:
Test – retest reliability
Equivalent Form reliability
Internal consistency reliability
Inter-rater reliability
50
Reliability
How reliable are:

number of new COVID-19
cases in a day?
speeds measured by a
stopwatch?
51
Interpreting Results of
Experiments
By: Marco H. Resolis

Interpreting Results of Experiments
Goal of research is to draw conclusions.
What did the study mean?
What, if any, is the cause and effect of

the outcome?
Interpreting quantitative findings
Descriptive Statistics :
Mean
Median
Range
Mode/Frequency
Median
Is the middle number in a list of numbers ordered
from lowest to highest.
Or more simply put the mid value separating all

values in the upper 1/2 of the values from those
in the lower half of the values
Median
Consider the set
1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 6, 7, 11, 11, 13, 14, 16, 19
In this case there are 13 values so the median is the middle
value, or (n+1) / 2
(13+1) /2 = 7
Consider the set
1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 6, 7, 11, 11, 13, 14, 16
In the second case, the mean of the two middle values is
the median or (n+1) /2
(12 + 1) / 2 = 6.5 ~ (6+7) / 2 = 6.5

Median

Range
Is the difference between the lowest value and the
highest value.

Range

Mode/Frequency
Is the value that appears most often in the set of data.

Mode/Frequency
The most frequent value in a data set

Consider the set
1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 6, 11, 11, 11, 13, 14, 16, 19
In this case the mode is 1 because it is the most common value
There may be cases where there are more than one mode as
in this case
Consider the set

1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 6, 11, 11, 11, 11, 13, 14, 16, 19
In this case there are two modes (bimodal) : 1 and 11 because
both occur 4 times in the data set.
Data Collection Flow
Data Collection Summary
Choose more than one data collection technique
No “best” tool
Do not let the tool drive your work but rather choose
the right tool to address the evaluation question
65
IPDET © 2009
A Final Note….
“I never guess. It is a capital mistake
to theorize before one has data.
Insensibly one begins to twist facts and theories,
instead of theories to suit facts.”
--Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
66
IPDET © 2009

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Republic of the Philippines

JENNEFER F. INOCENCIO JEY A. EQUIA

PATRIZZIA ANN OCBINA MARCO H. RESOLIS

Define what is Data Collection

 Systematic gathering of data

 basic inputs to any decision making

Fundamentally - 2 types of data

- Data in numerical form

- Data that can be precisely measured

- Data that deal with description

Two Types of Data

Determine the following if they

By: Patrizzia Ann Ocbina

 For example: your own questionnaire.

Quantitative Data Qualitative Data

Surveys Experiments Focus groups

 Quantitative and Qualitative Information:

 Quantitative – based on numbers

 Qualitative – more on details

 Stratified or Segment Random

 Data interpretation is better

 Efficient Spending for Information

 Addresses Specific Research

 More number of resources is

 Data gathered and recorded by someone else prior

 Distributor reports and feedback

 Low Cost to Acquire

 Not Specific to Researcher’s Needs

By: Jey A. Equia

establish procedures and follow them (protocol)

maintain accurate records of

verify accuracy of coding, data input

Is the measure relevant?

Do not measure what is easy,

Is the measure believable?

Will it be viewed as a reasonable

Refers to the degree to which the instrument measures

Refers to the consistency of measures in an

How reliable are:

By: Marco H. Resolis

Goal of research is to draw conclusions.

What did the study mean?

What, if any, is the cause and effect of

Or more simply put the mid value separating all

Or more simply put the mid value separating all

Or more simply put the mid value separating all

Or more simply put the mid value separating all

Or more simply put the mid value separating all

Or more simply put the mid value separating all

The most frequent value in a data set

Consider the set

Choose more than one data collection technique

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