THE PHILIPPINES

UNDER JAPANESE
AND AMERICAN RULE
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, everyone are expected to:

1. Describe the Philippines under the Japanese and American

government;
2. Explain how the Philippines fought against the oppressors;
and
3. Differentiate the Philippine’s state then and now.
THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT
 • The United States of America established
the Military Government in the Philippines
August 14, 1898 with General Wesley Merritt acting as the
Military

• General Merritt was succeeded by General Elwell

S. Otis as military governor, who in turn was
succeeded by General Arthur MacArthur. Major
General Adna Chaffee was the final military
governor.

• The position of the Military Governor was

July 1902 abolished after which the civilian office
Governor-General became the sole executive
authority in the Philippines.
AMERICAN COLONIAL POLICY
American colonial policy in the Philippines was unique in the world of
colonialism because of the following reasons:

• The Americans said they would go as soon as the • The Filipinos adopted
Filipinos could stand on their own as a free nation. American ways very well.
From the beginning, American officials did not want No other former colony like
to hold on to the Philippines as a colony forever. its other country as much as
the Filipinos liked the
• The Americans were kinder and more United Stated.
generous than other colonial powers of the
same era(Germany, Netherlands, France or
Britain). The American shared power with
Filipinos in Government.
AMERICAN COLONIAL GOVERNMENT
The Philippines was ruled by the American in the following ways:

This government was run by 1. Military Government (August

military generals appointed by the 14, 1898-July 04, 1902)
American President. There were
three military governors: Gen.
Wesley Merritt; Gen. Elwell Otis;
and Gen. Arthur McArthur
AMERICAN COLONIAL GOVERNMENT
The Philippines was ruled by the American in the following ways:
This government was run by American
civilian officials appointed by American
President. But later it was run by 2. Civil Government (July 04, 1901-
Filipino officials elected by Filipinos. August 1902)

• There were several kinds of civilian governments during the

American era. These were: The Philippine Commission; The
American Governor-General together with the Filipino people;
and, the Commonwealth of the Philippines.
A GOVERNMENT UNDER AMERICA
TIMELINE
• Philippine Bill(1902)
• Philippine Assembly(1907)
• Jones Law(1916)
• OSROX Mission(1931)
• Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law(1933)
• Tydings-McDuffie Law(1934)
• Constitutional Conventions(1935)
• Philippine Commonwealth
A GOVERNMENT UNDER AMERICA
TIMELINE

Pres. McKinley appointed the Taft Commission and

March 16, 1899 gave it legislative and executive power to put up a
civilian government.

July 04, 1901

Judge William Howard Taft became the first civil governor.
• His policy “Philippines for Filipinos” laid the foundation of a
democratic government.
 TAFT’S ACHIEVEMENT

• The sale of huge tracts or friar lands

to Filipinos on installment terms.

• Cooper Act/Philippine Organic Act of 1902-

extends the US Bill of Rights to Filipinos.

• First official census was held on

March 02, 1899.
ANTI-NATIONALIST LAW

This gave the governor general the power to

authorize any provincial governor to reconcentrate RECONCENTRATION
in the towns all residents outlying barrios if ACT
outlaws operated in these areas.

FLAG LAW

Prohibited the display of Philippine flag and other

symbols used by the resistance against the US.
THE AMERICAN INFLUENCE
THE AMERICAN INFLUENCE
• As time went on the technology improved, the Americans
brought influence to clothing and food to the Philippines as
well. The biggest influence that can be seen today is found in
the Philippine government and economic system.

• One such policy was the introduction of the American system of

education, and so pervasive and far-reaching was its impact and
influence on the life and culture of the Filipino during and after
the colonial period that it is generally regarded as the “greatest
contribution” of American colonialism in the Philippines.
 THE AMERICAN INFLUENCE
Modern Cultural Method, Trade and Industry,
ECONOMIC
IMPROVEMENT
New Land Policy, Transportation,
Communication, Health.

Colleges and Universities, Science and

EDUCATION
Research, English Language.
 THE AMERICAN INFLUENCE

SOCIO – CULTURAL

Freedom of Religion, Clothing.

POLITICS
Democracy- “government of the people, by the people and for the
people”. A government characterized by the rule of the majority.
The greatest legacy of the United Sates in the Philippines.
THE COMMONWEALTH
GOVERNMENT
The commonwealth of the Philippines (Komonwelt ng
Pilipinas or Malasariling Pamahalaan ng Pilipinas)
Was the administrative body that governed the
Philippines from 1935 to 1946, aside from a period It replaced the insular
of exile in the Second World War from 1942 to Government, a United States
1945 when Japan occupied the country. territorial government, and was
established by the Tydings-
The Commonwealth was designed as a Mcduffie Act.
transitional administration in preparation for the
country’s full achievement of independence. Its
foreign affairs remained managed by the United
States.
 The Tydings-Mcduffie Act. Officially known as the
Philippine Commonwealth and Independence Act,
March 24, 1934 was signed into law by U.S President Franklin D.
Roosevelt. It allowed the Philippines to adopt a
constitution and form of government.

•The Constitutional Convention was formed,

wherein 202 member was draft in the 1935 July 10, 1934
PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION.

1934 Constitutional Claro M. Recto, president of the constitutional

convention, during the opening of the session
Convention
that began the writing of the 1935 constitution.
 September 16, 1935
An election was held in which one million
of filipino was attended to elect a president
and vice president.

November 15 1935
Inaugurates the establishment of the
Commonwealth government and the swearing in
of the newly elected President and Vice
President.
 Commonwealth in the 3 Branches of Philippine
Philippines Government
It is developed to prepare the
Philippines for its independence. It • Executive Branch – the law-
also prioritize the priorities of the enforcing body.
government that as follows:
• Legislative Branch – the law-
making body.
• Pagkatatag ng Philippine Army
• Pagkabuo ng Economic Council • Judicial Branch – the law-
• Pagkabuo ng Court of Appeals interpreting the body.
Changes and Policies implemented during the Commonwealth
• Women’s Suffrage Day.
• Promosyon ng Katarungang Panlipunan.
• Minimum wage for the worker.
• Pagkakatatag ng Walong oras kada araw na trabaho.
• Establishment of Court of industrial relations.
• Implementation of National rice and corn corporation.
• Formed of National relief administration.
• Homestead Act.
• Pagsulong ng Wikang Pambansa.
 Established the institution of the national
November 13, 1936 language to conduct a studies in the dialects of
our country.

December 30,
1937 Tagalog was declared the National Language.

Began of teaching Tagalog as the National

June 19, 1940 Language in Schools.
THE PHILIPPINES UNDER
JAPANESE MILITARY
 THE PHILIPPINES UNDER JAPANESE MILITARY
Hours after Pearl Harbor
• War came unexpectedly to the Philippines. Japan opened a surprise attack on
the Philippines on December 8, 1941, when Japan attacked without warning,
just ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor.

• Japanese troops attacked the islands in many places and launched a

pincer drive on Manila.

• Aerial bombardment was followed by landings of ground troops in

Luzon. The defending Philippine and United States troops were under
the command of General Douglas MacArthur.
• General Douglas MacArthur declared Manila an Open city on
the advice of commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon to
avoid its destruction.

January 2, 1942.
Manila was occupied by the Japanese

• MacArthur retreated with his troops to Bataan while the

commonwealth government withdrew to Corregidor island
before proceeding to the United States.
April 9, 1942.

• The joint American and Filipino soldiers in Bataan finally

surrendered .

• MacArthur escaped to Corregidor then proceeded to Australia.

BATAAN DEATH MARCH

• The 76,000 captured soldiers

were forced to embark on the
infamous “Death March” to a
prison camp more than 100
kilometers north. An estimated
10,000 prisoners died due to
thirst, hunger and exhaustion.
THE HUKS

Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa mga

Hapon" or HUKBALAHAP.
Taruc was chosen to be the
Leader of the group, with
Alejandrino as his right hand
man. The members were simply
known as Huks!
THE PHILIPPINES EXECUTIVE COMMISSION

Jose P. Laurel, president during the Japanese occupation of the

Philippines
• In accordance the instructions of President Manuel Quezon
to Jorge Vargas, the Filipino officials in Manila were told to
enter into agreements and compromises with the Japanese
to mitigate the sufferings of the people under the iron-clad
rule of the Japanese.
KALIBAPI GEN. DOUGLAS MACARTHUR
RETURNS

Promoting Japanese
Australia, Allied forces
propaganda was one The bombings began on
slowly advanced toward
of the main objectives September 21 1944, and
the Philippines, bombing
of the KALIBAPI, but barely a month later, on
several Japanese
still Japanese failed to October 20, 1944, the
strongholds until they
gain the trust of the Americans landed
regained control of areas
Filipinos. triumphantly in Leyte.
previously occupied by the
enemy Once a shore, General
Douglas MacArthur said;
"I shall Return."
Gen. DOUGLAS MACARTHUR RETURN
• The Japanese, meanwhile, secured • Japanese in Manila would not give
other area where their thought up easily. In fact, it took 3 weeks
other American units would land. of intense fighting before they
Nevertheless, US liberation forces
successfully docked at Lingayen
finally surrendered on February
Gulf on January 9, 1945 23. Gen. MacArthur continued to
• The news alarmed the Japanese. liberate other parts of the country.
Lt. Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita, • And finally proclaim general
supreme commander of the freedom from the Japanese on
Japanese troops in Manila, July 4, 1945. Continue to
mobilize his kamikazes (Japanese
suicide pilots); but they failed to
Philippine Ind
stop Americans.
Japanese Influence
• During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines during World War
II, the Japanese influenced the government in the Philippines by ;
1. enforcing a strict curfew
2. adding Japanese currency
3. instituting a military government
• The occupation also cost the lives of over a million people in the
Philippines.
THE BATTLE AGAINST
OPPRESSOR
The Battle of Manila(Filipino: Labanan sa Maynila; Spanish:
Batalla de Manila)
The first and largest battle of the Philippine–
American War, was fought on February 4–5, 1899, Armed conflict broke out when
between 19,000 American soldiers and 15,000 American troops, under orders
Filipino armed militiamen. to turn away insurgents from
their encampment, fired upon
Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo attempted an encroaching group of
to broker a ceasefire, but American General Filipinos.
Elwell Stephen Otis rejected it and fighting
escalated the next day. It ended in an American
victory, although minor skirmishes continued for
several days afterward.
 1. Disposition of forces
A.Filipino Forces
After the surrender of Manila to American forces by the Spanish in 1898,
General Aguinaldo demanded occupation of a line of blockhouses on the Zapote
Line, which had been the Spanish defensive perimeter.

General Otis initially refused this, but later said

that he would not object unless overuled by higher
authority.

It was estimated at the time that there were about 20,000 Filipino troops
surrounding Manila, with their distribution and exact composition only partially
know.
 1. Disposition of forces
B. American Forces

U.S. Army forces numbered some 800 officers and 20,000 enlisted
men. Of these, some 8,000 were deployed in Manila and 11,000 in a
defensive line inside the Zapote line. The remaining American troops
were in CavReactions of Aguinaldo and Otis.
2. First shots
A. Private William Walter Grayson who fired the first shots in
the Battle of Manila (1899).

B. Plan of Maynila as it existed in 1851.

C. Zapote Line blockhouse locations.

3. Reactions of Aguinaldo and Otis
A. U.S. battery in action at the Bridge of San Juan del Monte, 1899.
B. The Bridge of San Juan del Monte in 1899.

• Aguinaldo was away in Malolos when the conflict started on

the 4th. That same night, a Filipino captain in Manila wired
him in Malolos, stating that the Americans had started the
hostilities.

• Aguinaldo wanted to avoid open conflict with the

Americans while maintaining his position of leadership
with his nationalist followers.
3. Reactions of Aguinaldo and Otis

• The next day (February 5) Aguinaldo sent an emissary to

General Otis to mediate, saying “the firing on our side the
night before had been against my order.

• Aguinaldo then reassured his followers with a pledge to

fight if forced by the Americans, whom he had come to
fear as new oppressors come to replace the Spanish.
4. The Battle
A. U.S. soldiers of the First Nebraska volunteers, company B, near
Manila in 1899.

• General MacArthur, in command of the North of Manila,

had developed a defensive plan which called for his entire
division to launch an all-out offensive along the Santa
Mesa Ridge in the event of attack, capture the blockhouses,
and seize the Chinese hospital and La Loma Cemetery.
General Anderson, along the southern lines, believed he
faced imminent attack.
4. The Battle
A. U.S. soldiers of the First Nebraska volunteers, company B, near
Manila in 1899.

• The battle of February 5 was fought along a 16 mile front

and was the biggest and bloodiest of the war. It involved all
or part of 16 American regiments and thousands of Filipinos.
American casualties totaled 238, of whom 44 were killed in
action or died from wounds. The U.S. Army’s official report
listed Filipino casualties as 4,000, of whom 700 were killed,
but this is guesswork.
4. The Battle
B. Filipino dead in a trench

C. The Filipinos were counting on an uprising by the citizens of

Manila to divide American forces and interrupt American supply
lines
5. Order of The Battle
A. Filipino

• Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the Republic and

Commander-in-Chief of Philippine Army

• Gen. Antonio Luna, Philippine Army Chief-of-Operations.

5. Order of The Battle
B. U.S.

VIII Corps – Major General Elwell S. Otis

• Chief of Engineers: Maj James Franklin Bell

• 1st Division – Brigadier General Thomas M. Anderson
• 2nd Division – Major General Arthur MacArthur
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