Lecture 1: Introduction To Java: Dr. Sapna Malik Assistant Professor, CSE Department, MSIT

Lecture 1 : Introduction to Java
Dr. Sapna Malik

Assistant Professor,CSE Department,MSIT
What is Java?
It is an object-oriented language developed by Sun in the mid

1990s.
Original language called Oak
Intended for embedded systems
• Unlike C++, it was developed from scratch.

The syntax is very similar to C.
Sun describes it as
"A simple, object-oriented, distributed, interpreted, robust, secure,
architecture neutral, portable, high-performance, multi-threaded and
dynamic language."
What is Java? (cont)
Object-Oriented
Designed to support Object-Oriented concepts
However, does contain non-Object-Oriented primitive data types
Distributed
Applications are constructed using objects. Objects can be
distributed in multiple locations within a network environment.
Extensive integration with TCP/IP
Interpreted
Java compiles to byte-code (not machine code). Byte code is
interpreted.
Most Java versions after 1.2 include a JIT (Just-In-Time) compiler
which compiles byte code to machine code.
Robust
Memory management is done automatically
Use of pointers is limited
Secure
All Java code subject to security model.
Architecture-Neutral/Portable
Compiled Java (byte code) will run on any platform which has a
Java Virtual Machine
The Java Virtual Machine is available for almost all platforms...
Even mainframes.
High-Performance
Originally, Java's performance was poor.
Now, Java's performance rivals C++.
Multi-Threaded
Processes contain multiple threads of execution.
Similar to multi-tasking but all threads share the same memory
space.
Dynamic
Makes heavy use of dynamic memory allocation.
Classes can be dynamically loaded at any time.
Platform Independence. How does Java do it?
Java has been described as WORA (Write once, Run Anywhere)

In most cases, this is true.
Not always true with GUI.
Doesn't always come for free. Can require a lot of testing.
Because Java source code is compiled to byte code and the byte
code is interpreted, Java code can be executed anywhere an
interpreter is available.
The "Interpreter" is call the Java Virtual Machine

The Java Virtual Machine.
Traditionally, source code had to be compiled for the target hardware

and OS platform:
Windows
Compiler i386 binary
Solaris
Source.cpp SPARC binary
Compiler
Mac
PPC binary
Compiler
The Java Virtual Machine.
Java source files (.java) are compiled to Java bytecode (.class)

Bytecode is interpreted on the target platform within a Java
Virtual Machine
i386 VM
Java Java
Source.java SPARC VM
Compiler Bytecode
Source.class
PPC VM
Java VM Responsibilities
The Java VM does more than interpret bytecode:

The class loader loads appropriate java classes. Possibly from the
network.
All classes are verified to contain only legal bytecodes and not
permitted any illegal stack or register usage.
A SecurityManager can limit access to resources such as the local
file system or the network.
Any unreferenced memory (Objects) are returned to the system by
the Garbage Collector thread.
• Many database servers, application servers, web servers and

browsers contain a Java virtual machine
• eg: Oracle, Tomcat (web server), WebSphere (app server), BEA
Weblogic (app server), and Netscape and IE.
The Java Software Development Kit (SDK)
The Java SDK comes in three versions:
J2ME - Micro Edition (for handheld and portable devices)
J2SE - Standard Edition (PC development)
J2EE - Enterprise Edition (Distributed and Enterprise Computing)
• The SDK is a set of command line tools for developing Java

applications:
• javac - Java Compiler
• java - Java Interpreter (Java VM)
• appletviewer - Run applets without a browser
• javadoc - automated documentation generator
• jdb - Java debugger
• The SDK is NOT an IDE (Integrated Development Environment)

• Command line only. No GUI.
Obtaining the Java SDK
Download from Sun Web-site:

http://java.sun.com/j2se
Select "J2SE downloads"
Choose your version
Select your platform
• Download will be an installer file appropriate for your platform:

• Installer .exe for windows
• rpm or self extracting file for linux
• tar or self extracting file for SPARC
• To install, execute the installer program or extract from tar file.

Obtaining the Java Runtime Environment (JRE)
You might notice, the full SDK is very large (>46 MB)
If you only wish to run Java programs, you do not need to install
the SDK. Instead, you can install the JRE:
Smaller installer file
Less time to download
No compiler or development tools. Just Java VM and support
libraries for specified platform.
You can re-distribute the JRE installer. You CANNOT

redistribute the Java SDK.
Obtaining the Java API Documentation
The Java language is quite small.
Accompanying the language is a Class library (API)

Contains core classes.
Contains extensions to Java.
The Java API takes a long time to learn.
• The API Documentation is available for download or can be

viewed at:
http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4/docs/api
Note: This documentation is generated by javadoc
Extended APIs include: Messaging API, Servlet API, Java2D, Java3D,

Java Media Framework, JavaMail and more...
Packages
When you view the Java API Documentation, you'll note that the
classes are grouped into logical units called "Packages".
Because there are so many classes, packages provide a

mechanism for classifying classes so that they are easier to learn
and use.
Developers can also make use of packages to classify their own

classes. This will be discussed later in the course.
Commonly Used Packages
While it should be your goal to learn as many packages as you

can, there are some packages you will use more than others:
Language Common classes used for all
java.lang
(general) application development
GUI Graphical User Interface,

java.awt
Windowing,
java.awt.event
Event processing
javax.swing
Misc. Utilities Helper classes, collections

java.util
and Collections
Input/Output File and Stream I/O

java.io
Networking Sockets, Datagrams

java.net
Java Version History
Even though Java is not very old, there are several key versions
to be aware of:
Java 1.0.2 - First stable version. Not very useful.
Java 1.1 (1997)
Security, Database connectivity (JDBC), Improved Performance
Most stable version 1.1.8
Unstable versions 1.1.4 and 1.1.5
Java 1.2 (1998) MAJOR CHANGES
Addition of Swing GUI (mostly replaces AWT)
Improved Security
Enterprise computing
Java 1.3 (2000)
Many extended APIs added
Improved performance
Java 1.4 (2002)
Improved performance
Bug Fixes
HelloWorld.java
Here is Java's "HelloWorld" implementation:
In the file, HelloWorld.java:
public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}
Running HelloWorld
To compile HelloWorld.java, use the compiler. If successful, it will

produce a file called HelloWorld.class in the same directory.
> javac HelloWorld.java

[ compiler output ] errors and warnings
To execute, run the Java VM and include the name of the class
which contains the "main" method as the first command line
parameter.
> java HelloWorld

Hello World note: do not include the .class
extension
output from program
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Lecture 1 : Introduction to Java

Dr. Sapna Malik

It is an object-oriented language developed by Sun in the mid

• Unlike C++, it was developed from scratch.

Java has been described as WORA (Write once, Run Anywhere)

The "Interpreter" is call the Java Virtual Machine

Traditionally, source code had to be compiled for the target hardware

Java source files (.java) are compiled to Java bytecode (.class)

The Java VM does more than interpret bytecode:

• Many database servers, application servers, web servers and

• The SDK is a set of command line tools for developing Java

• The SDK is NOT an IDE (Integrated Development Environment)

Download from Sun Web-site:

• Download will be an installer file appropriate for your platform:

• To install, execute the installer program or extract from tar file.

You can re-distribute the JRE installer. You CANNOT

The Java language is quite small.

Accompanying the language is a Class library (API)

• The API Documentation is available for download or can be

Extended APIs include: Messaging API, Servlet API, Java2D, Java3D,

Because there are so many classes, packages provide a

Developers can also make use of packages to classify their own

While it should be your goal to learn as many packages as you

GUI Graphical User Interface,

Misc. Utilities Helper classes, collections

Input/Output File and Stream I/O

Networking Sockets, Datagrams

Here is Java's "HelloWorld" implementation:

In the file, HelloWorld.java:

public class HelloWorld

To compile HelloWorld.java, use the compiler. If successful, it will

> javac HelloWorld.java

> java HelloWorld

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