CHAPTER FIVE

INCLUSION FOR PEACE, DEMOCRACY, AND DEVELOPMENT

• Chapter overview
Inclusive education is at the heart of any s.trategy for peace-building, democracy and development. It is through inclusive educational that values, skills and
knowledge which form the basis of respect for human rights and democratic principles can be developed. It is through Inclusive education that the rejection
of violence, and a spirit of tolerance, understanding and mutual appreciation among individuals, groups and nations can be enhanced. As a result,
inclusiveness should be the first phase towards increasing participation and fight for social justice for people with disabilities, vulnerable and general populations.
Inclusive education provides individuals for these populations, skills, experience and empowerment that help them to vocalize for themselves and for others‘ right.
Inclusive education develops inclusive development in all sectors. In general, inclusive developments in all sectors encourage greater acceptance of diversity of
gender, culture, language, economy and politics; and the formation of more tolerant, equitable and cohesive societies; simply put, creates inclusive society.
Chapter Objectives
Dear learners, after the successful completion of this chapter, you will be able to:
· Define Peace, Democracy and Development
· Identify sources of exclusionary practices
· Discuss exclusionary practices in the community
· Discuss respecting divers needs, culture, values, demands and ideas
· Discus conflict emanated from exclusion
· Explain means and benefits of participation of the marginalized group of people
· Discuss the democratic principles for inclusive practices
· Explain the importance of inclusion for psychosocial development
· Elaborate the importance of inclusion for economic development
· Discus the importance of inclusion for peace
 Definition of Peace, Democracy and Development
Inclusion for Peace Definition
Peace can be defined in several ways. However, for the purpose of this module peace is defined as
creating mutual understanding, positive relationship between individuals and groups. These groups
may include culturally, linguistically, economically and biologically heterogeneous groups. These
groups are living side by side in a harmony with reciprocated respect or create societal friendship
with all the diversities without conflict. This means developed interpersonal peace through deep
respect for other persons, justice, tolerance and cooperation.
Peace has a notion of societies‘ completeness, fulfillment, wholeness, harmony, feeling of security
and well being of an individual, a community or a society. Human being is interconnected and
should be free from negative force, fear, hatred, anger, tension, violence stress, anxiety and any
kind of destructions.
Peace make the mind quiet and calm prevents anxieties, worries, stress and fears, and awakens
inner strength and confidence, develop freedom, happiness, love, joy, justice and gratitude. Peace
can be achieved through formal and informal inclusive education.
 …

Inclusive education is a foundation for inclusiveness in all aspects of life. It creates equality and equity among divers
population. Diversity refers to in terms of language, religion, socioeconomic status, culture and psychology. Equal
(sameness and nondiscrimination) and/or equitable (social justice and fairness ) distribution of resources within the
system; equal and/or equitable both in terms of locations and numbers, in relation to resources such as money, trained and
qualified professionals, teaching and learning materials, school buildings, and school furniture. It is important to realize
inclusive education to create a society that is peaceful, democratize and developed. Hence inclusive education is crucial
for:
• Fostering education that promotes the values, attitudes and behavior inherent in a culture of peace, including conflict
prevention and resolution, dialogue, consensus building and active non-violence;
• Promoting sustainable economic and social development by targeting the eradication of poverty and social inequalities;
• Promoting respect for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights at all levels;
• Promoting gender equality in economic, social and political decision-making;
• Fostering democratic participation and citizenship and supporting processes that promote and sustain democracy;
• Advancing understanding, respect for cultural diversity, and human solidarity by promoting a dialogue among societies;
• Supporting participatory communication and the free flow and sharing of information and knowledge in the promotion of
a culture of peace;

• Promoting international peace and security through action such as the promotion of general and complete disarmament.
 …

Contrary to the important of inclusive education exclusion in education create undesirable result for a nation:
· Educational exclusion cut people off from full involvement in the economic and social life of their countries
· As an experience of deprivation, social exclusion is often the consequence of severe horizontal inequalities, and as such it can underpin grievances that
can mobilize groups for conflict
· Exclusion through horizontal inequalities undermines social cohesion
· Build shared values;
· Reduce disparities in wealth and income;
· Difficult to enable people to have a sense that they are engaged in a common enterprise, facing shared challenges, and that they are members of the same
community;
· Educational inequalities reflect social inequalities more broadly;
· Dominant ethnic groups control state resources and may discriminate against minority groups in terms of access to social resources, such as education,
and employment opportunities;
· Large horizontal inequalities may instead increase group cohesion among those who are marginalized, facilitating mobilization for conflict;
· Factors that increase the risk of the outbreak of conflict could be due to discrimination on the basis of: gender. Age, class, religion, disability, poverty,
geographical location..etc.
· These may be equally important in mobilizing individuals to participate in conflict.

· Exclusion and inequalities may furthermore be political, social, or economic in nature, or a combination of the three
 …

Sources of Conflict
· Spiritual sources of conflict

· Result of original ancestor‘s separation from God and negative influence from evil spiritual forces

· Individual sources of conflict

· Disunity within the individual and confusion of values

· Family sources of conflict

· Family dysfunctions affect succeeding generations.

· National/international sources of conflict

· National policies affect future generations and can lead to conflict within or between nations

Historical Sources of Conflict

• National crimes burden future generations

• Ethnic/religious resentments accumulate

• Individual Choice: To resolve or repeat past conflicts- rethinking the past and the future

In the absence of inclusiveness selfishness (living only for oneself), lust- envy, exploitation- taking advantage over others, prejudice- partiality, reed- Self-indulgence,
vengeance- retaliation, arrogance- self-importance those are the basis of conflicts are in the minds of human being. Conflict Begins within the Individual. Since wars begin in the
minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defenses of peace must be constructed, which is inclusive education. Inclusive education is the basis for harmony. If we develop true
and practical inclusive education we can create citizens those are unselfishness and living for the wellbeing of others, develop self-control, give genuine service, be fair, generous,
attitude of forgiveness, humility and honesty.

Healing all the evils of today is possible only through inclusive education. Create access to quality education; focus on shaping social skills, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values and

positive human relations to build sustainable peace.

 …

• Sustaining Peace
It is important to expand formal and informal inclusive education with the aim of
creating inclusive society with the following competencies in young and adult
populations:
·Skills of sifting the truth from propaganda or bias that surrounds them in every culture
·Respect for the wise use of resources and appreciation for more than just the
materialistic aspects of quality of life
·Respect for different points of view and the ability to see the world through the eyes of
others
·Skills to resolve conflict in non-violent ways
·The desire and ability to participate in shaping society, in their own community, their
nation and the world.
 …

• Building of peace requires taking the following steps:

• Fostering inclusion, ensuring access to justice, strengthening the social fabric and delivering good governance have repeatedly
been shown to be essential to achieving development outcomes.
• Reaffirm a commitment to human rights, the foundation for human dignity and just societies. Human rights, including economic,
social and cultural rights, are the foundation of a world order based on equality and inclusion.
• Foster social resilience by strengthening inclusion and addressing inequality: Peace issues are core to the discussion of resilience.
Resilient societies are those where the social fabric is strong. They are just and inclusive, where the relationships between
individuals, their communities and the state are based on trust and the respect, protection and fulfillment of everyone‘s human
rights, and where there are robust mechanisms for addressing inequalities, difference and grievance. Fostering resilience is the
foundation of long-term preventive efforts, from preventing conflict to reducing the impact of internal and external crises, natural
and man-made, and requires action both to accompany local efforts and also to provide a supportive international environment.
• Think local and act global: recommit to multilateralism as a safeguard for the most vulnerable
• National implementation alone will not suffice to achieve the SDGs: 40% of the Fostering the external drivers of peace, justice
and inclusion requires concerted action by states, as duty holders, to support responsible trade, reduce arms flows, promote
constructive financial, tax and investment practices, and to strengthen a rules-based system that creates a more effective enabling
environment that privileges the longterm peace, development and human rights needs of all people and communities.
• Protect and support civil society in fostering sustainable peace: Social, political and economic changes that contribute to
increasing peace are more robust if they are owned, implemented and sustained by local actors, including youth and women.
Nevertheless, civil society inclusion continues to be under threat around the world, with onerous restrictions imposed on the
ability of civil society groups to be effective, speak out and access funding. We call on Member States to recommit their support
for and partnership with local and community actors, and for the UN system to model inclusion in all its local and global processes
 Inclusion for Democracy
• Definition
Democracy is a great philosophy of inclusion that born and grown in inclusive schools. It means the rule of the people, by the people, for the
people; and where ―people‖ is to mean all human being, regardless of the diversities. Democratic schools are an educational ideal in which
democracy is both a goal and a method of instruction. It brings democratic values to education and can include self-determination within a
community of equals, as well as such values as justice, respect and trust of diversities
Inclusion Education for Democracy
Inclusive education for democracy has not been established as a central purpose for schooling in Ethiopia. Schools are the ideal place to promote
democracy. One of the most important tasks of schools should be helping students to realize the values of democracy. The democratic values
include is to enhance protected right, independent quality life for all, freedom, pursuit of happiness, justice, the common good, truth, respect and
tolerance for diversity and partisanship. The most important function of democratic education is to make the democracy natural attitude and way of
thinking of man by developing the thought of democracy in human mind. In democratic classroom teachers treat all students equally, provide them
support according to the needs and potentials, share power with students and supporting them in managing their own behaviors. Teachers provide
us with as much knowledge as possible. Teachers should promote engagement in a democracy, by teaching students how democracy works and
how important their role is in it. Students who have no understanding of how the democracy functions are unlikely to become engaged citizens
who vote.
Inclusive education sees young people not as passive recipients of knowledge, but rather as active co-creators of their own learning that help to
exercise democracy. Inclusive education aims to develop real democracy through active participation by all divers learners involved in classrooms
and educational institutions. If these are in their places, everyone receives the things they need in order to develop in an orderly, sequential way
into members of society. Inclusive education instills the values of cooperation, fairness and justice into the hearts of our students.
In democratic education students have the power to make decisions about their learning, because power is shared rather than appropriated in
advance by a minority of people. Inclusive education (when practiced well) is very important because: All children are able to be part of their
community and develop a sense of belonging and become better prepared for life in the community today as children and tomorrow as adults. It
provides better opportunities for learning. In the absence of democracy, exclusion is prone to be exercised, today in the school and tomorrow in the
society. Hence, democracy is one of the principles of inclusiveness in the process of building inclusive society that begun in schools.
 Democratic principles for inclusive practices
Inclusive education is based on principles:
1. Diversity enriches and strengthens all communities.
2. All persons with disabilities different in their needs, potentials, learning
and working styles;
3. Their achievements according to their potentials are equally valued,
respected and celebrated by society
4. All learners are enabled to fulfill their potential by taking into account
individual requirements and needs.
 Inclusion for Development
• Definition
The word development is widely used to refer to a specified state of advancement
or growth a new and advanced idea, profession, physical, mental, product; or an
event that constitutes a new stage under changing circumstances.
Development is a positive growth or change in economical, social and political
aspects of a country. Any kind of development should be inclusive. Some scholars
define inclusive development as a ―process that occurs when social and material
benefits are equitably distributed across divides in society‖, others focus on the
―voice and power to the concerns and aspirations of otherwise excluded groups.
Inclusive development also has an ―integral focus on the achievement of equity
and the rights of citizenship.
 Inclusive education for Development
• The meaning of development for an individual is that which tends towards a person realizing his or her full potential as a human being through
inclusive education and then inclusive society; to expand the range of choices for every human being without discrimination.
• Inclusive development consists of ensuring that all marginalized and excluded groups are stakeholders in development processes. It is obvious that
many groups are excluded from social and economic development because of their gender, ethnicity, age, religion, disability or poverty. If there is
no inclusiveness in all walks of life, development cannot be sustainable. Inclusive and sustainable development is crucial to reduce poverty in all its
dimensions so that all members of the society are benefitted. The goal of inclusiveness is to prevent social exclusion and creating more social
inclusion that aim at including all members of society in the growth process.
• Social inclusion is an integral part of inclusive development. Social inclusion enhances capabilities, broadens social ties of respect and recognition,
and at the collective level, enhances social bonds, cohesion, integration and solidarity among human race. The initial emphasis of inclusion has been
on economic inclusion through poverty reduction, social protection and employment creation. However, it has become increasingly clear that
inclusion also has social and political dimensions.
Some scholars have thus argues that social inclusion is a ―membership of society- with citizenship as the basis for participating in the social,
economic, political and cultural institutions of a society.
• Social inclusion ought to be based on ―the recognition of rights and responsibilities, accountability and judgment and of the fundamental equality
of all and on the provision of life chances for all members of society to participate in the activities of society‖ (Silver, 2015). Social inclusion is thus
also inherently political, and it is crucial for inclusive development to address social inclusion considering the various dimensions and its effect on
dimensions of well-being. Development efforts of any organization need to include and benefit people with disabilities and all marginalized groups
through providing education, creating employability, promoting prosperity, reducing poverty and enhancing stability. It is obvious that people with
disabilities and marginalized population are large and most disadvantaged minority in the world. Without creating inclusiveness for these
populations we cannot realize peace, democracy and development.
 Importance of Inclusion
1. It is important to support people learn, productive, successful and live independently, be
successful without helping them too much.
2. Inclusiveness when practiced well is very important because: All people are able to be
part of their community and develop a sense of belonging and become better prepared for
life in the community as children and adults. It provides better opportunities for learning.
3. Inclusion values diversity and the unique contributions, where everybody brings to the
milieu. In a truly inclusive setting, every individual feels safe and has a sense of
belonging. A person who participates in setting life goals and take part in decisions that
affects them.
4. the opportunity to participate in the typical experiences in life; to be with other people
and form friendships and develop other social skills; for natural lifelong learning in real
situations and access to inclusion models
5. The inclusion model is also beneficial because it prepares individuals today and in the
future
 Respecting divers needs, culture, values, demands and ideas

These include race, ethnicity, age, ability, language, nationality, socioeconomic status, gender, religion, or sexual orientation. The group is diverse if a
wide variety of groups are represented. Cultural diversity has become a hot-button issue when applied to the workplace.
For this reason, we've created a list of the biggest diversity issues in the workplace.
 Acceptance and Respect
 Accommodation of Beliefs
 Ethnic and Cultural Differences
 Gender Equality
 Physical and Mental Disabilities
 Generation Gaps
 Language and Communication
Diversity may happen in the Workplace
 Ethnicity (language and cultural differences)
 Age and Generation differences
 Gender and Gender Identity
 Religious and Spiritual Beliefs
 Disability and Ability
 Socioeconomic Status and Background
- Poor and rich
- Educated and uneducated
- Highly educated and less educated
- Rural vs. urban history
- Married and unmarried
- Hard worker and non hard worker
- Mental health problems…etc
 Valuing diversity
Recognizes differences between people and acknowledges that these differences are a valued
asset. Multicultural education is an important component of valuing diversity. It respects
diversity while teaching all children and youth to become effective and participating members
of a democracy.
Diversity in the workplace is vital for employees because it manifests itself in building a great
reputation for the company, leading to increased profitability and opportunities for workers
quality services. Workplace diversity is important within the organization as well as outside.
It is important to value diversity because; people build a stronger sense of identity and
wellbeing, and have better education and career outcomes when their diverse strengths,
abilities, interests and perspectives are understood and supported. It helps dispel negative
stereotypes and personal biases about different groups. In addition, cultural diversity helps us
recognize and respect ―ways of being‖ that are not necessarily our own; so that as we interact
with others, we can build bridges to trust, respect, and understanding across cultures.
 Cultural Diversity
In relation to human diversity, so many questions may be raised, such as what language someone speak,
religion, holidays celebrated, ethnic identity, culture and the like. Our culture is what shapes us; it shapes
our behavior and our identity. Culture is our way of living, it refers to the shared language, beliefs, values,
norms, behaviors, and material objects that are passed down from one generation to the next. Cultural
diversity in the world is divers and a blessing gift for development; but become sources of conflict. Why?
The term ―culturally diverse‖ is often used interchangeably with the concept of―multiculturalism.‖
Recognition of the abundant diversity of cultures; respect for the differences; acknowledging the validity
of different cultural expressions and contributions; valuing what other cultures offer; encouraging the
contribution of diverse groups; empowering people to strengthen themselves and others to achieve their
maximum potential by being critical of their own biases; and celebrating rather than just tolerating the
differences in order to bring about unity through diversity are important elements in defining and
describing multiculturalism
The multicultural person, therefore, is not simply the one who is sensitive to many different cultures.
Rather, this person is always in the process of becoming a part of and apart from a given cultural context.
He or she is a formative being, resilient, changing, and evolutionary.
Cultural diversity is when population differences are well represented within a community.
 …

• These include race, ethnicity, age, ability, language, nationality, socioeconomic status, gender, religion and geographical area. Here we will discuss the following diversities:

Ethnic diversity

• The diversity of something is the fact that it contains many very different elements. The terms "race" and "ethnicity" used interchangeably, but, generally speaking, the meanings are
distinct. Race is usually seen as biological, referring to the physical characteristics of a person, while ethnicity is viewed as a social science construct that describes a person’s cultural

identity. It is including nationality, regional culture, ancestry, and language. An example of race is brown, white, or black skin (all from various parts of the world), while an example of
ethnicity is German or Spanish ancestry (regardless of race) or Han Chinese.
• Cultural diversity is important; because our country, workplaces, and schools increasingly consist of various cultural, racial, and ethnic groups; so that as we interact with others we can
build bridges to trust, respect, and understanding across cultures. We can learn from one another, but first, we must have a level of understanding about each other. Learning about other
cultures helps us understand different perspectives within the world in which we live. It helps dispel negative stereotypes and personal biases about different groups. Cultural diversity helps
us recognize and respect ―ways of being‖ that are not necessarily our own; so that as we interact with others we can build bridges to trust, respect, and understanding across cultures.
Furthermore, this diversity makes our country a more interesting place to live. As people from diverse cultures contribute language skills, new ways of thinking, new knowledge, and
different experiences are learned and developed.
• In uneducated or poorly educated nations, the negative effect of ethnic diversity on economic performance is that more ethnically diverse societies suffer more serious internal conflicts;
because quality education teaches tolerance. Inequality among the ethnic groups, when the majority dominates the minority, creates conflict.
• Ethiopia is made up of people of different ethnic origin. Despite the popular belief that Ethiopia is just one big country of a single ethnic group, there are over 83 different ethnic groups
speaking more than 83 different languages and 200 dialects. Ethnicity is more than just language, song, and dance. It is the embodiment of values, institutions, and patterns of behavior, a
composite whole representing a people‘s historical experience, aspirations and a world view. If the majority deprive minority people of their ethnicity, and their culture, this situation
deprive them of their sense of direction, purpose and eventually their identity, so that conflict can be created. Such conditions can create conflicts with so much hatred, genocides may be
committed and all types of crimes against humanity can be carried out. In
• Rwanda the Tutsis and the Hutus fought each other in a genocide in 1994 that claimed the lives of approximately 800 000 lives. This culture of ethnic groups has not stopped but has reared
its ugly head in recent years taking the form of Xenophobia in particular South Africa. Brother has arisen against brother, to the extent of burning the other alive. Listening to reasons

offered by those committing these heinous crimes leaves a lot to be desired. There is a lot of hate being passed around, with South African nationals chanting that foreigners are denying
them opportunities in their own land and such should go back to their country of origin. It is sad to note that with the advent of globalization, people have been travelling to various
countries, some to acquire business opportunities, some to offer a particular skill set required. And these nationals contribute economically to the success of host countries. As such it is

clear testimony that is ethnic groups is able to see past their ethnic divide, they have the potential to make Ethiopia great and the world at large.
 Benefits of Cultural Diversity
There are many advantages of a diverse in schools and workplaces. Organizations can benefit from employees who bring language skills, cultural experience, and creativity to the table. An
organizations success can be dependent upon its ability to embrace a diverse staff. The following are some of the benefit of cultural diversities
· Increased productivity
· Improved creativity
· Increased profits
· Improved employee engagement
· Reduced employee turnover
· Improved company reputation
· Wider range of skills
· Improves cultural insights
· Reduced Fear, Improved Performance
· Put a variety of world views into one room, and you'll come out the other side with better ideas
· Boost Your Brand's Reputation
· Global Impact

· In the same vein, workplace diversity boosts creativity

· Schools‘ cultural diversity enriches the educational experience
· Through culturally diverse classroom and in a cooperative learning, students have the opportunity to learn from people with different backgrounds and upbringings, leading to increased
innovation and collaboration
· It helps dispel negative stereotypes and personal biases about different groups.
· In addition, cultural diversity helps us recognize and respect ―ways of being‖ that are not necessarily our own; so that as we interact with others we can build bridges to trust, respect,
and understanding across cultures; inclusiveness.
 Religious diversity
What causes workplace conflict?
A religious conflict is a conflict primarily caused or justified by differences in religion. In the modern period, debates are common
over the extent to which religious, economic, or ethnic aspects of a conflict predominate in a given conflict.
· Lack of values for differences and poor management of religious institutions
· Disrespect and unfair treatment other religions
· Unclear roles as followers of a given religion
· Inadequate spiritual education and training or ill thought
· Poor communication with each other
· Lack of collaboration and poor living environment
· Partiality or lack of equal treatment from political leaders
· Bullying and harassment of other religion
Religious diversity is the fact that there are significant differences in religious belief and practice. It has always been recognized by
people outside the smallest and most isolated communities. Roughly, pluralistic approaches to religious diversity say that, within
bounds, one religion is as good as any other. Religious pluralism is an attitude or policy regarding the diversity of religious belief
systems co-existing in society; harmonious co-existence between adherents of different religions or religious denominations. To be
multipath is to feel an affinity with aspects of more than one religion, philosophy or world-view, and perhaps to believe that no one is
superior to the others. This term should not be confused with interfaith, which concerns the communication between different religions.
Activities related to social hostility like violence, terrorism, harassment over dressing because of religious cause and religion abuse has
increased
 How to Resolve Conflict
1. Agree on a mutually acceptable time and place to discuss the conflict
2. State the problem as you see it and list your concerns
3. Let the other person have his/her say
4. Listen and ask questions
5. Stick to one conflict at a time — to the issue at hand
6. Seek common ground
7. Seek for win-win approaches. The win-win approach sees conflict resolution
as an opportunity to come to a mutually beneficial result. It includes
identifying your opponent’s underlying concerns and finding an alternative
which meets each party's concerns.
 Gender differences

In general terms, "sex" refers to the biological differences between males and
females, such as the genitalia and genetic differences. "Gender" can refer to the
role of a male or female in society, known as a gender role, or an individual's
concept of themselves, or gender identity. either of the two sexes (male and
female), especially when considered with reference to social and cultural
differences rather than biological ones.
The term is also used more broadly to denote a range of identities that do not
correspond to established ideas of male and female. "a condition that affects
people of both genders" Or in the other way, sex refers to biological differences
between males and females. For example, chromosomes (female XX, male
XY), reproductive organs (ovaries, testes), hormones (oestrogen, testosterone)
and gender is the cultural differences expected (by society / culture) of men
and women according to their sex.
 …

• Mental abilities
Women are generally better at language tasks. And men on average are a little bit
better at organizing things in space. But really there's much more variability within
the women, or within men, than there is difference between the woman and men.
There are genius male female and less geniuses in both cases. Both Male and female
can be gifted in math and science, engineering or any other discipline. In the past
there was a claim that boys are out performing in math and science than girls. But,
some reports are showing that girls are much better than boys in academic
achievements Undeniable elements are the differences and physical abilities and
behavior. Men are, in general, more muscular than women. Women are just over
half as strong as men in their upper bodies, and about two-thirds as strong in their
lower bodies.
 …

There are also behavioral differences between men and female. Most studies have also found testosterone to be
associated with behaviors or personality traits linked with criminality such as antisocial behavior and
alcoholism. In species that have high levels of male physical competition and aggression over females, males
tend to be larger and stronger than females.
Stereotype thinking against woman
In his Politics, Aristotle saw women as subject to men, but as higher than slaves, and lacking authority; he
believed the husband should exert political rule over the wife. Among women’s differences from men were that
they were, in his view, more impulsive, more compassionate, more complaining, and more deceptive. He gave
the same weight to women's happiness as to men's, and in his Rhetoric stated that society could not be happy
unless women were happy too. Whereas Plato was open to the potential equality of men and women, stating
both that women were not equal to men in terms of strength and virtue, but were equal to men in terms of
rational and occupational capacity, and hence in the ideal Republic should be educated and allowed to work
alongside men without differentiation, Aristotle appears to have disagreed. In his theory of inheritance, Aristotle
considered the mother to provide a passive material element to the child, while the father provided an active,
ensouling element with the form of the human species.
In Ethiopia, discriminatory attitudes and social norms are major drivers of gender-based violence where women
are victims and the perpetrators are men. Factors associated with men's use of violence include rigid gender
attitudes, abuses and harassments
 Woman’s participations in developments
What is expected from society to equally treat of female?
·Our priorities are winning economic equality and securing equal rights for women;
·Reproductive freedom and other women's health issues;
·An equitable distribution of life's opportunities and resources between women and
men, and/or the equal representation of women and men
·Every woman and girl is entitled to live in dignity and in freedom, without any fear.
·Caring practices for female, not violence
·Equal opportunity for education and employment
·Gender Justice is indispensable for development, poverty reduction, and is crucial to
achieving human progress
 Marginalized group of people
Marginalization is a process that includes many external forces. People may be
marginalized on the basis of the social, gender, cultural, ethnic, economic, social order,
beliefs and other factors. Marginal groups can always be identified by members of
dominant society, and will face irrevocable discrimination. Marginalized groups exist
nearly everywhere. They are people who, for whatever reason, are denied involvement in
mainstream economic, political, cultural and social activities.
Targeting or ignoring one group can ultimately affect the whole society in all aspects of
development. Marginalization comprises those processes by which individuals and groups
are ignored or relegated to the sidelines of political debate, social negotiation, and
economic bargaining and kept there. Neoclassical economists trace marginalization to
individual character flaws or to cultural resistance to individualism. Marginalization is the
result of systemic actions that the "in group" takes, whether consciously or unconsciously,
to alienate or disenfranchise a specific person or groups of people by sidelining them from
the group’s main activities and contributions
 …

Creating friendly environments for marginalized people

1. Tolerate for the differences opinions and attitudes
2. Seek out marginalized voices and perspectives and provide support
3. Confront your own racist thought and try to be inclusive of all the differences
4. Use your privilege to support marginalized people‘s movements
5. Give your time and money, if possible for the success of inclusive development
6. Be proactive about inclusion in your daily life
7. Avoid segregation
8. Do the work that help to promote inclusiveness
The most vulnerable are women, children, aged, those living with HIV/AIDS, mental illness,
minority people with language and cultural diversity, disability and the like. Girls and women
from the marginalized groups are more vulnerable to violence. The dropout, illiteracy, un-
employability and poverty rates among them are also high.
 Chapter summary

Inclusiveness is standing against exclusion and marginalization; and the move

towards peace, democracy and development. It is important to help people to
become independent, develop a belief in themselves (confidence) so that they
become successful without further helping them too much. Provide opportunities
for children and women to have sustained social interactions and participate fully
in the program.
Inclusiveness values all kinds of diversities and the unique contributions of each
student bring to the classroom and adults to the work and social environments.
In a truly inclusive setting, every person feels safe and has a sense of belonging.
Students and their parents participate in setting learning goals and take part in
decisions that affect them. Finally, inclusive education creates inclusive society.