Different Phases As Defined by Different Authors and Institution The Preferred Approaches

Last week Lesson
General view of project cycle

Different phases as defined by
different authors and institution
The preferred approaches
 Identification ( Generation and screening)
 Pre feasibility study
 Feasibility study Project preparation
 Selection (appraisal)
 Implementation
 Ex-post evaluation
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Chapter tree
Idea Generation (Project Identification)
The search for promising project idea is the
first step towards establishing a successful
venture
As traditional saying goes
“ the key to success lies in getting into the
right business at the right time”
Identification of meaningful project idea
requires,
 Imagination
 Sensitivity to environmental changes
 Realistic assessment of what a firm or
organization can do
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Idea Generation (Cont …)
Identification is often the outcome of

a triggering (iterative) process rather
than an analytical exercise
While the notion of identification is

simple it is difficult to develop
methods or procedure for
accomplishing it.
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Idea Generation (Cont …)
However, there are certain broad guidelines
which are helpful in the generation and
screening of project ideas
Project identification commonly follows the

following procedure
1. Generation of ideas
2. Monitoring the environment
3. Corporate appraisal ( self assessment)
4. Preliminary screening
5. Project rating index.
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3.1. Generation of ideas
Most of the new projects ideas are a result of
 Once specialized technical knowledge or
 Marketing expertise or
 Some other competence
To stimulate the flow of project idea the following

are helpful
i. Analysis of Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities
and Threats (SWOT):
 SWOT analysis represents a conscious and deliberate ,
and dynamic effort by an organization to identify
opportunities that can be exploited.
 Periodic SWOT analysis facilitates the generation of
new idea
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Generation of Ideas (Cont …)
ii. Clear articulation of objectives
 The operational objectives of the organization may help

to generate ideas
 The operational objective of business firm for example,
 Cost reduction
 Productivity improvement
 Increase in capacity
 Expansion and growth
Can be helpful in generating the project idea
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3.2.Monitoring the environment
The organization must systematically
monitor the environment in which it will
operate
In other words the organization is
expected to monitor the following key
environmental factors in relation to each
of identified ideas.
Economic aspects
State of the economy
Possible fluctuation in the economy
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Monitoring the environment (Cont …)
The degree of integration with the world economy
National policy
Sectoral policy
Government program
Tax policy
Government support
Financial policy
Technological factor
Availability of technology
Accessibility of the available technology
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Monitoring the environment (Cont …)
Socio demographic factor
Population size and distribution
Education level
The nature of competition (for
business firms
Number of firms in the industry
Nature of entry
Nature of input supply
Availability
Cost of row material
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3.3. Self assessment and scouting the
project idea
A realistic appraisal of the organization’s strength
and weakness is essential to select the best idea
that can be realized as a successful venture
To screen the project idea in terms of this aspect the
following suggestions are helpful
a) Analyze the industry (sector) and analyzing the
organization in terms of,
Its capacity (I.e., whether the organization has
the capacity to implement or to put into practice
the proposed idea).
Analyze the project in term of the benefit
(profit) that it will provide to the society ( firm)
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Self assessment (cont …)
b) Examine the input or resources requirement
and firms ability to make it available
c) Review its innovativeness
d) Study government plan, outlays, and
guidelines: This analysis is important because;
It will help to see if the idea is in line with the
government priority area
To check if there are guideline that need to be
followed if the project idea is acceptable.
f) Suggestion of financial institutions and
development agencies. (that is investigating
priority area of development agencies )
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3.4. Preliminary screening
In some case it is possible to have a long list of
project ideas.
In such cases some kind of preliminary screening
is required to eliminate ideas which are not
promising.
For that purpose the following aspects could be looked
into
a) compatibility with the promoter: The idea
should be compatible with
 the vision,
 mission,
 and goal of the promoter
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Preliminary screening (cont…)
In business venture, it should be compatible with
the owner’s objective. In other words,
It has to fit with the personality of the owner
Acceptable to the firm’s owner
It offers the prospect of rapid growth and high
return
b) Consistence with government priority: Evaluate the
project idea in terms of the government priority. Here
we ask questions like,
Is the project consistent with the national
goal and priority ?
Are there any environmental effect ?
Will there be any difficulty to obtain
permission?
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Preliminary screening (cont…)
c) Availability of inputs
d) Adequacy of the market
e) Cost of the project:
f) Acceptability of risk level: The desirability of the
project idea depends upon the level of risk
associated with it
When a large number of project ideas are

evaluated, it may be helpful to streamline
the process of preliminary screening.
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3.4. Project rating index
For that purpose a preliminary
evaluation may be translated into a
project rating index.
Steps involved in the process of the
project rating index are,
Identify factors relevant for project
rating
Assign weight to those factors ( the
weight are suppose to reflect their
relative importance)
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Project rating index (Cont…)
Rate the proposed idea on various
factors using a suitable rating scale
(typically a 5-7 point scale is used)
For each factor, multiply the factor
rating with the factor weight to get
the factor score
Add all the factor score to get the
overall project rating index
The following table illustrate the
determination of the project rating
index
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Factor VG G A P VP Factor
Factors weight 5 4 3 2 1 score
Input availability 0.25 X 0.75
Technical know how 0.1 X 0.40
Reasonableness of cost 0.05 X 0.20
Adequacy of market 0.15 X 0.30
Complementary relationship 0.05 X 0.20
Stability 0.1 X 0.5
Dependency on firm’s 0.2 X 0.2

strength
Consistency with government 0.1 X 0.1
policy
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Total 1.00 3.15
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Last week Lesson

General view of project cycle

Identification is often the outcome of

While the notion of identification is

Project identification commonly follows the

To stimulate the flow of project idea the following

ii. Clear articulation of objectives

 The operational objectives of the organization may help

Can be helpful in generating the project idea

When a large number of project ideas are

Technical know how 0.1 X 0.40

Reasonableness of cost 0.05 X 0.20

Adequacy of market 0.15 X 0.30

Complementary relationship 0.05 X 0.20

Stability 0.1 X 0.5

Dependency on firm’s 0.2 X 0.2

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