Chapter 8

Fundamentals of Internet
Using Internet, organizations all over the world
can exchange data, people can communicate with
each other in a faster and effective way,
 Researchers can gather information in their
respective area of research.
 With help of video conferencing over Internet, it
has become possible that people can even see
each other while communicating
 Even one can do all his shopping sitting back at
home ( electronic commerce)
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OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter you would be able to:
define Internet
understand and explain various terminology used in
Internet
use various services provided by Internet
search for information over Internet
enjoy Internet surfing
send E-mail and do FTP

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Internet History
In 1969, the U.S. Defense Department funded a
project to develop a network
Basically the idea was to develop a very secure
network which can work even after a nuclear attack.
This project was known as ARPANET.
The proposed network was not supposed to have a
central control—which would be an obvious target

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Ten years of research brought Local Area Ethernet
Networks (LANs) and workstations were developed to get
connected to LAN.
Computers connected to ARPANET used a standard or
rule to communicate with each other with NCP (National
Control Protocol).
Protocol is a network term used to indicate the standard
used by a network for communication.
Rapid change in information technology suppressed NCP
and brought TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol) in to the world of networking

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Internet
a global computer network providing a variety of
information and communication facilities, consisting
of interconnected networks using standardized
communication protocols.

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 TCP/IP functions
TCP "converts messages into streams of packets at the
source, and they are reassembled back into messages
at the destination.
IP handles handles the addressing, and makes sure
that a packet reaches its destination through multiple
nodes and even across multiple networks with
multiple standards.
This flexibility of TCP/IP to handle multiple networks
with multiple protocols encourages other networks to
get connected to ARPANET.
Slowly the ARPANET became a massive network of
networks and now it is known as ‘Internet’.

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TCP/IP, or the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol
is a suite of communication protocols used to
interconnect network devices on the internet. TCP/IP
can also be used as a communications protocol in a
private network (an intranet or an extranet).
 TCP defines how applications can create channels of
communication across a network. It also manages how
a message is assembled into smaller packets before
they are then transmitted over the internet and
reassembled in the right order at the destination
address.
IP defines how to address and route each packet to
make sure it reaches the right destination.
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 Why do people want to get
connected
It provides to Internet
freedom of communications
Internet is termed by some people as the world of largest
democracy with no government. It has no state of head to
control it
The Internet is a rare example of a large democracy with
no state of head, no official censors, no bosses, no board
of directors. Nobody controls the Internet and in
principle, any computer can speak to any other
computer, as long as it obeys the technical rules of the
TCP/IP protocol.
This freedom of Internet helped it to move out of its
original base in military and research institutions, into
elementary and high schools, colleges, public libraries,
commercial sectors
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 Internet Services
Internet mail is (e-mail or electronic mail), much faster as
compared to normal postal mail.
One can also send software and certain forms of
compressed digital image as an attachment.
News groups or discussion groups facilitate Internet user
to join for various kinds of debate, discussion and new
sharing.
Long-distance computing was an original inspiration for
development of ARPANET and does still provide a very
useful service on Internet.
Programmers can maintain accounts on distant, powerful
computers, execute programs.
File transfers service allows Internet users to access
remote machines Mathemaics
and retrieve
Department programs, data or text. 9
WWW is the acronym for the World Wide Web.
 It is also commonly known as ‘The Web’.
The WWW is hypertext based information retrieval tool.
One can easily surf the Web by jumping from one
document to another using the links in those documents.
These documents can be in many formats, such as text,
graphics, animation, sound and latest is video.
 They may also be a combination of all these.
All the information on Internet are presented to the user
as a document or more popularly known as Web Page.
 All these Web Pages are link to each other or even to
section within a Web Page.
 And these links are known as Hyper Links.
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The tool used to view these Web Pages on Internet is
known as Internet browser or simply browser
It is a software program specifically developed to
extract information on user request from the Internet
and present them as a Web Page to the viewer.
There are several browsers available in the market.
The most popular are Internet Explorer from Microsoft
and Netscape from Netscape Inc.
The process of using browser to view information on
Internet is known as Browsing

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Internet Address
Every page on the Internet has a unique address.
This address is used get the web page for user from
Internet.
The address on the Internet is known as URL
(Uniform Resource Locator).
A typical Internet address or URL would look like;
http://www.mans.edu.eg/facscim/arabic/
The URL contains the components that specify the
protocol, server, and pathname of an item

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 URL parts
The protocol is followed by a colon (http:),
The server is preceded by two slashes
(//www.mans.edu.eg)
Each segment of the pathname is preceded by a single
slash /facscim/ /english/Tables/Default.htm).
A protocol is set of rules that tells the computer know
how to interpret the information at that address

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The first component of URL
The first component, the protocol, defines the
manner for interpreting computer information.
Many Internet pages use HTTP (HyperText Transfer
Protocol).
Other common Internet protocols that one might
come across are FTP (File Transfer Protocol),
NEWS (Usenet news groups protocol), and
GOPHER (an alternative transfer protocol). Gopher
protocol is mostly out of date now.

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The second component of URL
The second component, of the address is the server
(www.mans.edu.eg), identifies the computer system
that stores the information you seek and is always
preceded by two slashes.
A server is a computer that has information stored on
it and sends it to the client, when a request is made.
 Each server on the Internet has a unique address
name whose text refers to the organization
maintaining the server.

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The last term in URL
/english/Tables/Default.htm ), defines the path
within the Server where the requested item will be
found.
Most of the Web pages will have .htm or .html as
their secondary or extension name.

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 INTERNET Connections
(i) Gateway Access
Gateway Access is also known as Level-One connection.
It is the access to the Internet from a network, which is
not on the Internet.
The gateway allows the two different types of networks
to "talk" to each other. But the users of the Gateway
Internet have limited access to the Internet.
They might not be able to use all the tools available on
Internet. The local Internet Service Provider (ISP)
normally defines this limitation.

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 Dial-up Connection
‘Dial-up’ connection is also known as Level Two
connection.
This provides connection to Internet through a dial-up
terminal connection.
The computer, which provides Internet access is known
as ‘Host’ and the computer that receives the access, is
‘Client’ or ‘Terminal’.
The client computer uses modem to access a "host" and
acts as if it is a terminal directly connected to that host.
This type of connection is also known as ‘Remote
Modem Access’ connection.
And the host to which the client gets connected is
actually connected to the Internet by a full time
connection (See Leased Connection).
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In dial-up connection to Internet, Host carries all the
command that are typed on a client machine and
forward them to Internet.
It also receives the data or information from the
Internet on behalf of the ‘Client’ and passes it to
them. The client computer acts as a ‘dumb’ terminal
connected to remote host.
This type of connection can further be divided into
two categories.

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 Shell Connection
In this type of Internet Connection, the user will get
only textual matter of a Web Page.
This connection does not support Graphics display.
However the user will be able to surf the Internet, do
FTP, receive mail.
Shell Accounts were the only type of Internet access
available for many years before the Internet entered in
to the world of graphics and became more users
friendly.
 

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 TCP/IP Connection
Today’s graphical World Wide Web browsers provide
easier access with multimedia sound and pictures.
The major difference between Shell and TCP/IP
account is that, Shell account can only display text and
does not support graphics display, whereas TCP/IP
can display both.
 Hence it is more popular Internet connection. Shell
accounts are slowly phasing out from the Internet
scenario

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Intranet
a local or restricted communications network,
especially a private network created using World
Wide Web software.

Extranet
is a controlled private network that allows access to
partners, vendors and suppliers or an authorized set
of customers – normally to a subset of the
information accessible from an organization's
intranet.
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 To access any of these dial-up accounts you
need the followings;
Computer
Modem
Telephone Connection
Shell or TCP/IP account from the ISP
Internet client software such as Internet browser.

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 Leased Connection
Leased connection is also known as direct Internet access or
Level Three connection.
It is the secure, dedicated and most expensive, level of
Internet connection.
With leased connection, your computer is dedicatedly and
directly connected to the Internet using high-speed
transmission lines.
 It is on-line twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week.
Leased Internet connections are limited to large
corporations and universities who could afford the cost.

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