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    Physiology of Renal System

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    Khalid Abdullah
    The kidneys perform several important functions including excretion of waste products, regulation of fluid balance and electrolytes, and regulation of blood pH. The kidneys contain nephrons which are the functional units. Each nephron contains a glomerulus for blood filtration and tubules for reabsorption and secretion. There are two types of nephrons - cortical and juxtamedullary. Blood flows into the kidneys through renal arteries and is filtered and processed before exiting through renal veins.

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    Physiology of Renal System

    Uploaded by

    Khalid Abdullah
    23 views28 pages
    The kidneys perform several important functions including excretion of waste products, regulation of fluid balance and electrolytes, and regulation of blood pH. The kidneys contain nephrons which are the functional units. Each nephron contains a glomerulus for blood filtration and tubules for reabsorption and secretion. There are two types of nephrons - cortical and juxtamedullary. Blood flows into the kidneys through renal arteries and is filtered and processed before exiting through renal veins.

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    The kidneys perform several important functions including excretion of waste products, regulation of fluid balance and electrolytes, and regulation of blood pH. The kidneys contain nephrons which are the functional units. Each nephron contains a glomerulus for blood filtration and tubules for reabsorption and secretion. There are two types of nephrons - cortical and juxtamedullary. Blood flows into the kidneys through renal arteries and is filtered and processed before exiting through renal veins.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    23 views28 pages

    Physiology of Renal System

    Uploaded by

    Khalid Abdullah
    The kidneys perform several important functions including excretion of waste products, regulation of fluid balance and electrolytes, and regulation of blood pH. The kidneys contain nephrons which are the functional units. Each nephron contains a glomerulus for blood filtration and tubules for reabsorption and secretion. There are two types of nephrons - cortical and juxtamedullary. Blood flows into the kidneys through renal arteries and is filtered and processed before exiting through renal veins.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
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    ‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

    Physiology of
    Renal System

    Abu ahmed
    2020
    Functions of the kidneys
     The kidneys are vital organs
    that perform a variety of
    important functions, these are:-
    1. Excretion of metabolic
    products & foreign substances:-
    e.g
     Urea from amino acid metabolism
    Uric acid from nucleic acids
    Creatinine from muscles
     End products of hemoglobin
    metabolism
    Hormone metabolites
    Foreign substances (e.g. drugs)
    2. Regulation of body fluid
    osmolarity & volume.
    3. Regulation of electrolyte balance.
    4.Regulation of PH (acid-base
    balance) by 3 mechanisms:-
    1. Reabsorption of HCO3-
    2. Synthesis of new HCO3-
    3. Secretion of H+
    4.Regulation of arterial blood
    pressure.
    5. Endocrine functions:-
     Renin (activates the renin-
    angiotensin-aldosterone system)
    Erythropoietin (stimulates red
    blood cell formation by bone
    marrow).
    Prostaglandins (modulation of renal
    blood flow ).
    Activation of vitD.
    6. Gluconeogenesis.
    Renal anatomy
    The kidneys are paired (weight about
    150 g), bean-shaped organs located in
    the posterior abdomen, on either side of
    the vertebral column , Outside the
    peritoneum.
    Each kidney consist of two
    parts:-
     Cortex:- outer part

     Medulla:- inner part

    Medulla consist of:-


     Pyramids
     Calyces

     Renal pelvis
    Structure of the kidney
    The Nephron
     Is the functional unit of the kidney.
     Each kidney is made up of about (1- 1.5)
    million nephrons.
     The kidney can not regenerate new
    nephrons.
    Structure of Nephron
    Consists of:-
    1.Glomeruli ( a tuft of Glomerular
    capillaries).
    2.Tubules which are divided in to:-
    1. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT).
    2. Loop of Henle:- which consist of:-
    a. Descending limb
    b. Thin & thick ascending limb .
    3. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
    4. Collecting duct:- is made up of
    principle cells (p- cells) and
    intercalated cells (I- cells).
    Structure of nephron
    Types of Nephron
     There are two types:-
    1.Cortical Nephron:-
     85% of all nephrons in human
    kidney.
     Their glomeruli are found higher
    up in the cortex.
     short loop of Henle.
    2. Juxtamedullary Nephron:-
     15% of all nephrons in human kidney.

     Their glomeruli are located close to


    renal medulla.
     long loop of Henle.
    Renal Circulation
     Blood reaches the kidneys from
    the abdominal aorta through the
    following blood vessels:-
     renal artery.
     Segmental artery
     Interlobar artery.
     Arcuate artery (cross the
    border between the cortex and
    the medulla).
     Interlobular artery.
    Afferent arteriole
    Glomerular capillaries.
    Efferent arteriole.
    Peritubular capillaries (surround
    the PCT & DCT).
    Vasa recta (descend into the
    renal medulla).
    Then the blood is drained by
    equivalent veins.
    Blood Supply of the Kidney
    Renal Blood Flow (RBF)
    about 1.2 L/min (20-25% )of
    cardiac output.
    Directed mainly to the cortex:-
    (90%) to the cortex, only
    (10%) to the medulla.

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