SST History The Rise of Nationalism TOPIC:-1. About Revolution of 1830 and 1848 - 2. About Unification of Italy, Germany and Britain. 3life Sketch of Bismarck, Maizzini, Garibaldi and Cavour

SST
HISTORY
THE RISE OF NATIONALISM
TOPIC:- 1. About Revolution of 1830
and 1848 .
2. About unification of Italy, Germany
and Britain.
3Life sketch of Bismarck , Maizzini,
Garibaldi and Cavour.
The Rise Of
Nationalism in Europe PRESENTED BY – BHARTI
KUMARI
CLASS – 10 D
ROLL NO-
ADMISSION NO- 4949
1.THE AGE OF REVOLUTION 1830 AND 1848
The period between 1830 and 1848 was marked by a lot of tensions and turmoil in Europe.
Europe had witnessed the dramatic rise of two philosophies, liberalism and conservatism.
The liberal nationalists or the educated middle class planned ways to overthrow monarchy
and bring in a government of the people. Europe hence saw a series of revolutions in Italy,
Germany, Poland, Turkey and Ireland.
In 1821 in the Greek war of independence, the Greeks began a nationalist movement.
Several poets (Lord Byron) and artists supported the Greek war against the Ottoman Empire.
After the war, the Treaty of Constantinople was signed in 1832 and recognized Greece as an
independent nation.
In 1830 the Bourbon dynasty, restored in 1815 during the conservatives’ reaction, was
overthrown by liberal revolutionaries. The French revolution of 1830 is also known as the
July Revolution.
In the 19th century, art, culture and literature helped in instilling the feeling of nationalism
and also infusing the idea of a nation. After the French revolution, there was rise of a literary
and cultural movement called romanticism, which sought to develop nationalist sentiment.
This national sentiment was mobilised by artists by using the common language, or
vernacular, and popular folk arts that people understood and identified with.
Writers, poets, painters and musicians of the romantic era stressed on individualism,
nationalism, feeling, imagination and emotion as opposed to reason and science.
German romantic philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder stressed that true German
culture could be found in folklore and folk art, of the common people. In Poland,
nationalist feelings were kept alive through music and language.
The Grimm brothers’ fairy tales, Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm were born in Germany.
They collected German folktales and popularized German.

The years after 1830 were marked by a lot of anarchy and chaos. Europe witnessed
the worst period of hunger and hardship. Bad harvest andtext
Click to add a rise in food prices added
to people’s woes.
In the first half of the 19th century, the population of Europe had increased a lot. This
led to unemployment. Many people migrated from the rural areas to the growing
slums in the cities.
Small producers in towns faced stiff competition from cheap machine-made goods
in England. In certain regions of Europe, aristocracy and feudalism still prevailed. In
1845 the Silesian weavers revolted against their contractors. In France, food shortage
led to the peasants’ uprising in 1848.
2.UNIFICATION OF ITALY
Italy was divided into seven states, in the middle of the
nineteenth century, and among all the seven states,
Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house.
All the regions were dominated by different kings. In the
1830’s Giuseppe Mazzini formed a secret society called
Young Italy.
The movement was led by Chief Minister Cavour. In 1859,
Sardinia-Piedmont defeated Austrian forces. In 1860, they
marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two
Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local
peasants. In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king
of united Italy.
UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
The mid-1800s, nationalist feelings were strong and

engraved in the hearts of the middle-class Germans.
They all came united in 1848 to create a nation-state
out of the numerous German States. But the
monarchy and the military members got together to
repress them and they gained support from the
landowners of Prussia (the Junkers) as well. Prussia
then became the leader of the German unification
movement. Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck at that
time was the architect of the process with support
from the Prussian army and Prussian bureaucracy.
PROCESS OF UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
 Nationalistsentiments were oftenorganised by conservativesfor

promoting state powerand
achievingpoliticaldominationoverEurope.This canbe noted in the
process by which Germany
and Italy came to be unified as nation-states
 Middle-classGermans tried to unite the different regions of
GermanConfederation,but their plans were not tookplace due to
actions of large landownerscalled Junkers of Prussia.
 The unificationprocess was concludedafterPrussia wonwars with
Austria, Denmark,and
France oversevenyears time.
 In January 1871,the Prussian king, William I, was indicatedthe
GermanEmperorin a ceremony held at Versailles. Three wars
overthe span of seven years with Austria, Denmark and France
endedin a Prussian victory.In Jan 1871,Prussian King William I was
proclaimedGerman emperor.
 More importancewas givento modernising the currency,banking,
UNIFICATION OF BRITAIN
In Britain, the formation of a nation-state was not the result of a sudden
upheaval, revolution or national struggle but of a long drawn out
parliamentary process. The process of unification of Britain is as
follows:
1.Britain was not a nation-state prior to 18th century. England had
people of many ethnic groups such as English, Welsh, Scot and Irish
with their own cultural and political traditions.
2.The English nation steadily grew in importance, wealth and power and
extended her influence over other nations of the island.
3.In 1688, England established as a nation-state. English parliament
seized power from the monarchy.
4.In 1707 the Act of Union between England and Scotland led to the
formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’.
5.England dominated Scotland and Ireland in all spheres. British
Parliament was dominated by English members.
6.Ireland was forcibly taken by the British after the failed revolution led
by Wolfe and his United Irishmen (1798) and a new "British Nation" was
formed
Explanation:There was no suddenprotestorupheavalthat led to the
formation of Britain. It was a systematicprocess overalong time that
enabledBritain and the English domination overothercultures.
Birthday: April 1, 1815
OTTO VON BISMARCK
Died At Age: 83
Sun Sign: Aries
Also Known As: Otto Eduard Leopold Von Bismarck
Born In: Schönhausen
Famous As: German Statesman
Otto von Bismarck was the driving force behind the unification of the German Empire,
who successfully transformed an array of states into a powerful and unified Germany. He
became the first Chancellor of Germany, after the unification. Often referred to as the
‘iron Chancellor’, Bismarck also served as the Prime Minister of Prussia. He is known
for his skilful leadership and masterful strategy that he employed in wars against
Denmark, Austria and France with the agenda to strengthen Prussian leadership and take
control of independent German states. During his tenure, he was responsible for
introducing some progressive reforms like conception of a modern welfare state. He took
the initiative to implement national healthcare services, accident insurance and pension
schemes for the old. He also introduced universal male suffrage. He played a pivotal role
in balancing power systems and maintaining peace at a time of conflict. His dominating,
aggressive personality often made him unpopular among many of the other legislators.
He shaped the destiny of German politics for more than three decades, until he was later
asked to resign during the monarchy of William II.
GIUSPPE MAIZZINI
Birthday: June 22, 1805
Died At Age: 66
Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian activist and leader who worked tirelessly for the unification of Italy.
Committed towards the cause of free, independent, republic and united Italy, Mazzini gave his life for a vision
that he held for his country. Together with Giuseppe Garibaldi, Camillo Benso di Cavour, and Victor
Emmanuel II, Mazzini is considered one of the ‘patron saints’ of the Italian Risorgimento. Ever since the
emergence of the name of Mazzini in the political circles, his revolutionary activities were an eyesore for the
government, due to which he was forced to exile in 1831. However, not the one to be easily disappointed,
Mazzini began to recruit followers and organize uprisings against the rulers of the various Italian states. His
newly founded association, Young Italy, attracted Italian political exiles from across the continents. Unlike
other revolutionaries and activist, Mazzini did not aim for Italian national unity alone. He wanted to bring an
end to the Austrian hegemony in Italy and the temporal powers of the Pope. In addition to this, he even aimed
for Italian unity, republicanism, democracy, and the liberation of all oppressed peoples. He believed in the fact
that neither pope nor king has the infinite power to open the way of the future, which remains in the hands of
God and his people alone. He wanted to free Italy of its various rulers and establish a democratic unitary
republic with its capital in Rome.
COUNT CAMILLO CAVOUR
Camillo Benso, count di Cavour, (born August 10, 1810, Turin, Piedmont,
French Empire—died June 6, 1861, Turin, Italy), Piedmontese statesman, a
conservative whose exploitation of international rivalries and of revolutionary
movements brought about the unification of Italy (1861) under the
House of Savoy, with himself as the first prime minister of the new kingdom.
Count Camillo de Cavour: Of the seven states of Italy only
Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house.
When the revolutionary uprisings of 1831 and 1848 failed to
unite Italy the responsibility to establish a unified Italy fell
upon this Italian state. King Victor Emmanuel II was its ruler
and Cavour was the Chief Minister. Cavour led the movement
to unite the separate states of nineteenth-century Italy. He
engineered a careful diplomatic alliance with France which
helped Sardinia-Piedmont defeat the Austrian forces in 1859
and thereby free the northern part of Italy from the Austrian
Habsburgs.

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The mid-1800s, nationalist feelings were strong and

 Nationalistsentiments were oftenorganised by conservativesfor

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