Colonialism and Development

Colonialism and
Development
Colonialism
- political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its
people by a foreign power for an extended period of time.
 Colonialism traced back in ancient Phoenicians 3000 years ago.
 European Colonialism had two phases.
 1492-1825
 This phase ended with the American Revolution
 Ended because of independence of most of its Latin American Colonies.
 1850- just after the end of World War II
 More imperialistic.
Imperialism
- policy of extending the rule of a nation or
empire over other nations.
 Imperialism is almost as old as the state
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British Colonialism
British empire grew through searching of
resources and markets.
Peaked in year 1914.
British empire covered a fifth of world’s
land surface and ruled a fourth of its
population.
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British Colonialism
 Elizabethan voyages of 16th century

 Eastern coast of North America, Canada’s St. Lawrence
basin, islands in Carribean, slave stations in Africa, and
interests in India.
 Ended with American Revolution
 “sun never set”, begins in year 1788 but intensifying
after 1815.
 India, Australia, Dutch South Africa, and large portion of
Eastern and Southern Africa.
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 Benjamin Disraeli- implemented a foreign policy justified
by view of imperialism.
 Rudyard Kipling- “the white man’s burden”
 Britain became a “trustee” of former German and Turkish
territories in Africa and Middle East.
 Britain along with the dominions formed the
“Commonwealth of Nations” in 1931.
 British empire fell apart.
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French Colonialism
 French colonialism was spurred more by the state,

church, and armed forces.
 First phase- began in early 1600’s, it focused in
Canada, Louisiana territory, and Carribean islands.
 Second phase- late in 19th century (1870- World War II),
acquired Algeria and Indochina.
 1893- French had been fully established in Indochina.
French Colonialism
◉ Mission Civilisatrice- implant French culture, language and

religion (Roman Catholicism) throughout the colonies.
Two Forms of Colonial Rule
 Indirect rule- governing through native leaders and
established political structures in areas with long histories of
state organization
 Direct rule- imposed new government structures to control
diverse tribes and cultures.
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Colonialism and Identity
 Whole countries, along with social groups and divisions within them, were
colonial inventions.
 There are modern boundaries in West Africa such as linguistic, political,
and economic contrast due to colonialism.
Betsileo- “too many to be counted”
Mahafaly of south-western Madagascar assumed to be an ethnic group.
Karl Eggert (1988)- the people called Mahafaly don’t used that term for
themselves and have a little idea of its origin and meaning.
Sukuma of Tanzania- first registered as a single tribe by the colonial
administration.
Colonialism andyourIdentity
Use charts to explain ideas
 Farmers and Herders live in the same area and speak same
language. They share the same social world, though their social
organization is “extremely hierarchical” almost “castelike”.
 Tutsis- presented as nobles
 Hutus- as commoners
 Belgian colonizers simply identified all people with more than ten
heads of cattle as Tutsi. Owner of fewer cattle were registered as
Hutus.
 These arbitrary colonial registers were used systematically for
“ethnic” identification during the mass killings in Rwanda in 1994.
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AndPostcolonial
tables to compare
Studiesdata
 Postcolonial- refers to the study of interactions between European

nations and the societies they colonized.
 Used to describe second half of 20th century
 May be used to signify a position against imperialism and
Eurocentrism.
Postcolonies can be divided into three.
 Settler- large numbers of European colonists and sparser native
population.
 Nonsettler- large native population and have small or few European
settlers
 Mixed- sizable native and European population
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Development
 Intervention Philosophy- ideological justification for outsiders to guide native

peoples in specific direction.
 British- white man’s burden
 French- mission civilisatrice
 John Bodley- argues that the basic belief behind intervention, whether colonialists,
missionaries, governments or development planners has been the same for more than
100 years.
 Industrialization, modernization, westernization, and individualism are desirable
revolutionary advances and can bring long -term benefits to natives.
Applied Anthropology- refers to the application of anthropological perspectives, theory,

methods, and data to identify, assess, and solve social problems.
 Development Anthropology- branch of Applied Anthropology that focuses social
issues in, and the cultural dimensions of, economic development.
The Brazilian Sisal Scheme
Sertao- area in Brazil, in which development harmed the

intended beneficiaries.
Dependence in World economy, ruined the local
subsistence economy, and worsened local health and
income distribution.
Sisal – fibrous plant used to make rope.
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The Brazilian Sisal Scheme
 Disfiberer- person who fed the sisal leaf into the machine
 Residue man- who shoveled away the residue that fell under the machine
and brought new leaves to the disfiber.
Barbara Underwood and Gross study the new economy’s effect to nutrition.
Disfiber- earned $3. 65 per week.
7, 100 calories a day for himself and his wife
Residue man- earned $3.25
For himself -3,600 calories
His wife – 2,200 calories
His 4 children- 3,600 calories
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Thank you and God bless!!
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Colonialism and

 Imperialism is almost as old as the state

 Elizabethan voyages of 16th century

 French colonialism was spurred more by the state,

◉ Mission Civilisatrice- implant French culture, language and

 Postcolonial- refers to the study of interactions between European

 Intervention Philosophy- ideological justification for outsiders to guide native

Applied Anthropology- refers to the application of anthropological perspectives, theory,

Sertao- area in Brazil, in which development harmed the

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