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    Applied Epidemiology: DR Hamid Hussain

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    Shakir Khan
    1) There are several key measures used to quantify mortality and morbidity in populations including crude mortality rates, age-specific mortality rates, cause-specific mortality rates, and case fatality rates. 2) Crude mortality rates measure total deaths from all causes in a year divided by the mid-year population, while age-specific and cause-specific rates focus on particular demographic or disease groups. 3) Case fatality rates measure deaths during a specified duration after diagnosis divided by the number of people diagnosed in the same duration to quantify disease severity.

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    Applied Epidemiology: DR Hamid Hussain

    Uploaded by

    Shakir Khan
    20 views10 pages
    1) There are several key measures used to quantify mortality and morbidity in populations including crude mortality rates, age-specific mortality rates, cause-specific mortality rates, and case fatality rates. 2) Crude mortality rates measure total deaths from all causes in a year divided by the mid-year population, while age-specific and cause-specific rates focus on particular demographic or disease groups. 3) Case fatality rates measure deaths during a specified duration after diagnosis divided by the number of people diagnosed in the same duration to quantify disease severity.

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    196-lecture 9.ppt

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    1) There are several key measures used to quantify mortality and morbidity in populations including crude mortality rates, age-specific mortality rates, cause-specific mortality rates, and case fatality rates. 2) Crude mortality rates measure total deaths from all causes in a year divided by the mid-year population, while age-specific and cause-specific rates focus on particular demographic or disease groups. 3) Case fatality rates measure deaths during a specified duration after diagnosis divided by the number of people diagnosed in the same duration to quantify disease severity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    20 views10 pages

    Applied Epidemiology: DR Hamid Hussain

    Uploaded by

    Shakir Khan
    1) There are several key measures used to quantify mortality and morbidity in populations including crude mortality rates, age-specific mortality rates, cause-specific mortality rates, and case fatality rates. 2) Crude mortality rates measure total deaths from all causes in a year divided by the mid-year population, while age-specific and cause-specific rates focus on particular demographic or disease groups. 3) Case fatality rates measure deaths during a specified duration after diagnosis divided by the number of people diagnosed in the same duration to quantify disease severity.

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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    APPLIED EPIDEMIOLOGY

    How to start to write a scientific paper

    Dr Hamid Hussain

    1
    MEASURES OF MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY

     “One’s knowledge of science begins when


    he can measure what he is saying and
    express it in numbers” Lord Kelvin 1824 – 1907
    BASIC CONCEPTS
    1. MID YEAR POPULATION; As population
    continuously changes (births, deaths, migrations)
    we take mid point (1st July) as denominator

    2
    2. POPULATION AT RISK; It focuses on a group
    at risk of disease
     Eg: in calculating GENERAL FERTILITY RATE denominator
    is restricted to 15 – 49 years women excluding very old
    and young females.
     Calculating the occurrence of PROSTATE CANCER the
    denominator is restricted to males
    3. Person time; person enter the study at
    different time. They are under observation for
    varying times. In such cases the denominator
    is a combination of person and time

    3
    1. Crude mortality;(Annual Mortality Rate)
    Total deaths from all causes in one year / Persons in population
    at mid year

     We may be interested in certain age group e.g. children less


    than 10 years age than it is “(Age Specific Mortality Rate)”
    Total deaths from all causes for children less than 10 years age in
    one year
    Total Children less than 10 years age at mid year
     It may be “Cause Specific Mortality Rate” suppose lung cancer

    deaths
    Deaths from Lung Cancer = Deaths from lung cancer in 1 year
    Persons in population at mid year
    4
    2. CASE FATALITY RATE (C.F.R.)
    CFR= Deaths during a specified duration after diagnosis
    PERSONS DIAGNOSED IN THE SAME DURATION
    ◦ CFR measures the severity of disease.
    ◦ CFR measures the benefit of new therapy
     Example to clarify Mortality Rate and CFR
     Total population = 100,000
     Diagnosed having the disease X = 20
     Deaths due to disease X = 18

    A.M.R. = 18 / 100000 = 0.018%


    C.F.R. = 18/20 = 90%

    5
    3. Proportionate Mortality Rate
     Proportionate Mortality Rate due to heart diseases in 2010
    in Pakistan:-
    = Deaths from heart diseases in 2010 in Pakistan
    Total deaths in 2010 in Pakistan

    6
     Human disease: does not arise in a vacuum. It
    results from an interaction of the host (a
    person), the agent (e.g., a bacterium) and the
    environment (e.g., a contaminated water
    supply).

    7
     “Iceberg” concept – the tip is only visible much
    like the clinical appearance of disease…bulk of
    the problem may be hidden from view.

    8
    Iceberg Phenomenon

    Apparent clinical diseases

    in apparent subclinical diseases

    9
    ◦ Example
    ◦ tuberculosis cases are not always clinically visible;
    ◦ Most cases of polio in pre-vaccine days were sub-
    clinical, but were capable of spreading the virus
    ◦ On the other extreme is measles where large number
    of cases is apparent
    ◦ individuals with clogged arteries may experience no
    symptoms until their first heart attack

    10

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