Physiology of

Reproductive
System(Hormone
Function)
Yetty Machrina
Dedi Ardinata

Department of Physiology
Faculty of Medicine, University of
Sumatera Utara 1
 Introductions ofreproductive system
 Hormon regulate human reproductive
 Hormon function in basic organ gonad
formation
 Hormon function in onset of puberty
 Hormon function in adult male
 Hormon function in adult female
 Reproductive cycle

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 The reproductive system is the only system that
is not essential to the life
of the individual. Its activities do, however,
affect other systems.
 This chapter discusses how the male and female
reproductive organs produce and store
specialized reproductive cells that combine to
form new individuals, and how various
reproductive organs also secrete hormones that
play major roles in the maintenance of
normal sexual function.

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Hormones of the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary pathway 4
Kadar hormon dalam darah,secara umum diatur
dengan :
 Pulsatil
 Sistem umpan balik negatif
 Irama diurnal / sirkadian
 Refleks neuroendokrin

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 Sekresi FSH and LH cukup tinggi saat baru lahir, tapi
kemudian turun dalam beberapa minggu.
 Ketika pubertas :
 Kematangan otak meningkatkan sekresi
GnRH
 Berkurangnya sensitivitas gonadotropin
terhadap feedback negatif.
 Selama pubertas akhir, sekresi pulsatil LH dan FSH
meningkat selama tidur.
 Menstimulasi peningkatan sekresi steroid
seks.

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 Stimulates rise in
testosterone and
estradiol-17. Insert fig. 20.10
 Produce secondary
sexual characteristics.
 Age of onset related to
the % of body fat and
physical activity in the
female
 Leptin secretion from
adipocytes may be
required for puberty.
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1. GnRH= gonadotropin releasing hormone
2. FSH = follicle stimulating hormone
3. ICHS /LH = interstitial cell
stimulating hormone / Luteinizing
hormone
4. Testosterone
5. Inhibin

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 GnRH disekresi secara pulsatil (interval
60-90 mnt)
 disampaikan ke hipofisis anterior melalui
sistem porta.
 Fungsi : stimulasi sekresi FSH dan LH

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 Pada lelaki, target ke sel sustentacular
(Sertoli) di tubulus seminiferous
 Efek di sel Sertoli : mendorong
spermatogenesis , serta mensekresi
androgen-binding protein (ABP)

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 Form blood-testes barrier:
 Prevents autoimmune destruction of
sperm.

 Produce Fas ligand which binds to the

Fas receptor on surface to T
lymphocytes, triggering apoptosis of T
lymphocytes.
▪ Prevents immune attack.

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FSH dan testosteron
menstimulasi

Sel Sertoli
Menyelubungi spermatid
Menyediakan nutrien & stimulus
kimiawi untuk perkembangan
Memfagosit sitoplasma
mendorong

Terjadinya:
Pembelahan spermatogonia
Pembelahan meiotik spermatosit

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 Target ke sel interstitial (Leydig)
 Efek :menghasilkan testosteron dan
androgen lain

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 Dihasilkan oleh sel Sertoli (Sustentacular)
 Target : hipofisis anterior dan
hipotalamus
 Fungsi : menghambat sekresi FSH dan
GnRH

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Pengaturan hormonal terhadap spermatogenesis dan
produksi androgen testis, melibatkan hipotalamus,
hipofisis anterior dan testis.
1. Hipotalamus menghasilkan gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH)
2. GnRH menstimulasi hipofisis anterior agar mensekresi
FSH dan LH
3. FSH menyebabkan sel sustentacular mensekresi
androgen-binding protein (ABP)
4. LH menstimulasi sel interstitial mensekresi testosterone
5. Pengikatan ABP ke testosterone meningkatkan
spermatogenesis

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1

3 4

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 Dihasilkan oleh sel interstisial (Leydig) dan adrenal
korteks
 Hormon tipe steroid yang disintesis dari cholesterol
 Sebagian disekresikan dan beredar dalam darah, terikat
pada protein plasma (albumin & globulin)
 Produksi dimulai pada minggu-7 fetus, mencapai kadar
tertinggi setelah usia fetus 6 bulan
 Lonjakan awal kadar testosteron menyebabkan :
 Diferensiasi sistem saluran dan organ asesori
lelaki
 Mempengaruhi perkembangan SSP

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 Pada minggu ke-5 terbentuk gonad yang belum
berdiferensiasi, memiliki duktus Müllerian dan duktus
Wolffian.
 Adanya SRY mengarahkan gonad menjadi testis.
 Testis menghasilkan testosteron & Mullerian inhibiting
factor 
 Duktus Wolffian  menjadi saluran repro lelaki
 Genital eksterna menjadi penis & skrotum
 Degenerasi duktus Mullerian

 Perempuan : testosteron(-) & MIH(-) 

 Duktus Mullerian  saluran repro perempuan
 Genital eksterna menjadi klitoris & labia

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 Testoteron memiliki beberapa khasiat
fisiologi dan farmakologi penting sebagai
berikut
 Efek virilisasi. Testosteron bertanggung
jawab atas ciri-ciri kelamin primer dan
sekunder yang memiliki peranan penting
pada spermatogenesis.
 Efek anabol, yakni daya retensi protein
atau menghambat perombakannya
khususnya pada jaringan otot.

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 Efek tulang. Androgen mempercepat
tumbuhnya tulang pipa dan epifasenya
yaitu tulang rawan di kedua ujungnya.
Pada anak laki-laki selama pubertas,
produksi testosteron meningkat dengan
kuat sehingga tubuh tumbuh lebih panjang
untuk beberapa waktu.
 Efek anti-gonadotrop, artinya
menghambat sekresi FSH dan LH bila
kadar testosteron dalam darah melebihi
nilai tertentu.

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 Efek anti-estrogen. Testosteron dapat
melawan sejumlah efek estrogen, misalnya
pertumbuhan endometrium rahim dan
pertandukan
 Efek atas sebum
 Efek kolesterol
 Retensi garam dan air

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1. Stimulasi spermatogenesis:
 Mendorong pematangan fungsi spermatozoa
2. Pengaruhi fungsi SSP:
 libido (dorongan) dan perilaku, agresif, dominan
3. Stimulasi metabolisme :
 Khususnya sintesis protein & pertumbuhan otot
 Pembentukan sel darah (RBC)
4. Mempertahankan karakter kelaki-lakian
 Pertumbuhan rambut di wajah
 Meningkatkan massa otot dan ukuran tubuh
 Ciri deposit jaringan lemak
5. Mempertahankan kelenjar asesori dan organ pada saluran
repro lelaki

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 The decrease of sexual function is called male
climateric, with occasionally associated with
symptom of hot flashes, suffocation, physic
disorders

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Female Reproductive System
(Hormone Function)
 GnRH
 FSH & LH
 Prolactin
 Oxytocin
 Estrogen
 Progesteron
 Relaxin
 Inhibin

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 Organ endokrin : hipotalamus- hipofisis dan
gonad
 Menghasilkan mekanisme regulasi yang
kompleks  pengaturan siklus ovarium dan
silkus uterus
(Siklus reproduksi perempuan)

Terjadinya ovulasi & mempersiapkan uterus.

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Hypothalamic control—GnRH
 As in the male, pulsatile GnRH stimulates the
anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH
Anterior lobe of the pituitary—FSH and LH
 FSH and LH stimulate the following in the ovaries:
a. Steroidogenesis in the ovarian follicle and corpus
luteum
b.Follicular development beyond the antral stage
c.Ovulation
d.Luteinization
Negative and positive feedback control
estrogen and progesterone
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  Source: Anterior Pituitary

Targets & Functions:

Ovaries
– Stimulates primary oocyte to
complete first meiotic division
to become secondary oocyte
– Triggers ovulation of
secondary oocyte

– Transforms ruptured follicle

into corpus luteum
Corpus luteum
– Stimulates production of
progesterone by corpus luteum
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Theca cells produce testosterone (stimulated at
the first step by LH). Androstenedione diffuses
to the nearby granulosa cells, which contain 17
β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase,
which converts androstenedione to testosterone,
and aromatase, which converts testosterone to
17 β-estradiol (stimulated by FSH)

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 Akibat stimulasi dari FSH  setiap bulan beberapa
folikel primordial berkembang menjadi folikel primer.
 Folikel yang membesar sel theca menghasilkan
androstenedion disintesis menjadi estrogen dan
androgen  kemudian diabsorbsi oleh sel granulosa 
diubah menjadi estrogen

 Sel adipose dan sel interstisial (pada stroma ovarium)

juga menghasilkan sedikit estrogen. Estrogen juga
dihasilkan dari reaksi arotamase androstenedione
 3 bentuk estrogen yang terdapat dalam sirkulasi :
Estradiol (terbanyak), Estrone, & Estriol
 Estrogen terikat pada albumins; sedikit pada gonadal
steroid binding globulin (GBG) 36
Maturing Follicles & 1. Has both negative and
Corpus Luteum positive feedback effects on
FSH and LH secretion.
2. Causes maturation and
maintenance of the
fallopian tubes, uterus,
cervix, and vagina.
3.Causes the development of
female secondary sex
characteristics at puberty.
4.Causes the development of
the breasts.
5.Up-regulates estrogen, LH,
and progesterone receptors

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Maturing Follicles 6. Causes proliferation
and development of
& Corpus Luteum ovarian granulosa cells.
7.Maintains pregnancy.
8.Lowers the uterine
threshold to contractile
stimuli during
pregnancy.
9.Stimulates prolactin
secretion (but then
blocks its action on the
breast)
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1. Stimulasi pertumbuhan tulang dan otot
2. Mempengaruhi SSP, dan perilaku
3. Mempertahankan fungsi kelenjar dan organ
reproduksi.
4. Mendorong penebalan epitel vagina
5. Menstimulasi sekresi vaginal (sangat kenyal), sebagai
tes / penanda ovulasi.
6. Meningkatkan motilitas tuba falopi
7. Alkalinisasi dan pengencerkan mukus serviks
8. Menstimulasi otot uterus
9. Meningkatkan sensitivitas uterus terhadap oxytocin
10. Mempengaruhi kerja mitokondria sel
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Source:Corpus 1. Has negative feedback
Luteum & Placenta effecton FSH and LH
secretion during luteal
phase.
2. Maintains secretory
activity of the uterus
during the luteal phase.
3. Maintains pregnancy.
4. Raises the uterine
threshold to contractile
stimuli during
pregnancy.
5. Participates in
development of the
Corpus luteum breasts
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Progesterone

Steroid hormone
Increased appetite
Decreased uterine motility
Thickens cervical mucus
Progestational changes in the
endometrium

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Sources: Manufactured by hypothalamus.
 Stored & released by Posterior Pituitary

Targets & Functions:

Uterus
– Stimulates contraction of uterine
myometrium causing lowering of
fetus & labor

Breasts
– Stimulates contraction of milk
ducts and sinuses, releasing
milk

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 Source: Anterior Pituitary

Targets & Functions:

Breasts
– Stimulates alveoli of breasts to produce
milk
Regulation
– Release of prolactin by anterior pituitary
is regulated by hypothalamus production
of Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH) &
Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)

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PERAN HORMON REPRODUKSI
WANITA DALAM SIKLUS
MENSTRUASI

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Follicular phase (days 0–14)
■ A primordial follicle develops to the graafian
stage, with atresia of neighboring follicles.
■ LH and FSH receptors are up-regulated in theca
and granulosa cells.
■ Estradiol levels increase and cause proliferation
of the uterus.
■ FSH and LH levels are suppressed by the negative
feedback effect of estradiol on the anterior
pituitary.
■ Progesterone levels are low

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Serial perubahan –siklik- yang terjadi pada
endometrium setiap bulannya, akibat pengaruh
hormon dari ovarium :
1. hari 1-5: fase menstruasi ; pelepasan endometrium,
kecuali yang paling dalam
2. hari 6-14: fase proliferatif (preovulatori);
endometrium dibangun kembali
3. hari 15-28: fase sekretori (postovulatori);
endometrium bersiap untuk implantasi embryo

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occurs 14 days before menses, regardless of cycle length.
Thus, in a 28 Day cycle, ovulation occurs on day 14; in
35-day cycle, ovulation occurs on day22.
■ A burst of estradiol synthesis at the end of the
follicular phase has a positive feedback effect on the
secretion of FSH and LH (LH surge).
■ Ovulation occurs as a result of the estrogen-induced
LH surge.
■ Estrogen levels decrease just after ovulation (but rise
again during the luteal phase).
■ Cervical mucus increases in quantity; it becomes less
viscous and more penetrable by sperm

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The corpus luteum begins to develop, and it
synthesizes estrogen and progesterone.
■Vascularity and secretory activity of the
endometrium increase
to prepare for receipt of a fertilized egg.
■ Basal body temperature increases because of the
effect of progesterone on the hypothalamic
thermoregulatory center.
■ If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum
regresses at the end of the luteal phase.
 As a result, estradiol and progesterone levels
decrease abruptly
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 The endometrium is sloughed because of
the abrupt withdrawal of estradiol and
progesterone

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 Bila tidak terjadi fertilisasi, kadar progesteron
berkurang  stimulus hormonal terhadap
endometrium menurun  arteri spiralis menciut
dan spasme  sel endometrial mati
 Pada saat akhir, arteri spiralis berkonstriksi dan
kemudian tiba-tiba relaksasi dan terbuka  aliran
darah yang cepat meluruhkan pembuluh kapiler
dan lapisan fungsional.
 Berlangsung 1-7 hari, kehilangan darah 35-50 ml

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MENSTRUAL CYCLE

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 One graafian follicle forms
bulge on surface of ovary.
 Extrudes secondary Insert fig. 20.33
oocyte into the
uterine tube.
 LH causes the empty
follicle to become corpus
luteum which secretes:
 Progesterone and
estrogen.
 If not fertilized,
becomes corpus
albicans.

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