Interpreting Techniques As Tool For Analysis

INTERPRETING
TECHNIQUES
AS TOOL FOR
ANALYSIS
Techniques
• Macrolevel – discourse as a whole
• Microlevel – internal part of the

discourse
Macrolevel techniqies or
modes
• Consecutive
(with or without notes)
• Simultaneous
(in the booth, whispering, relay)
• At sight interpreting
Macrolevel techniqies
Video content
•dubbing
•subtitling
•voice-over
Interpreting Process
is described as consisting of two
separate phases:
(1) the reception or comprehension
phase (basis for ph2) and
(2) the production or reformulation
phase.
In the comprehension
phase
the interpreter
LISTENS TO and
ANALYSES the ST,
and - based on the analyzed
information, takes notes.
(2) the production or
reformulation phase.
Distinction between
• translation techniques - describe the
result and affect smaller sections of the
translation.
- procedures to analyse and classify how
translation equivalence works.
• translation strategies
Strategies
procedures (conscious or unconscious,
verbal or nonverbal) used by the
translator to solve problems that
emerge when carrying out the
translation process with a
particular objective in mind.
Translators use
strategies
• for comprehension (e.g., distinguish
main and secondary ideas, establish
conceptual relationships, search for
information) and
• for reformulation (e.g., paraphrase,
retranslate, say out loud, avoid words
that are difficult to pronounce).
Strategies to cope
with complexity and speed
“simplify the syntax as you go along”,
• breaking long sentences into shorter
ones,
• identifying whole ideas or units of
meaning,
• clarifying the relationship between the
sentences
Strategies to cope
with complexity and speed
• “piece by piece” strategy
• deleting superfluous and/or
ambivalent conjunctions
Compression (reduction)
– basic technique
Why?
•Speaking speed is much faster than writing
speed and listening processing
•Human speech can attain speeds of 200 or
300 words per min and remains
comprehensible even at 500 words per min.
Compression – basic
technique
THUS, it is important for an interpreter
to reduce the number of words and
syllables the vocal apparatus must
produce.
Otherwise,
• errors of language and meaning
• but also to errors of articulation or enunciation.
Compression – basic
technique
Interpreting ideas not words
(“get beyond the words” - the
words are nothing more than a
container for the ideas)
A loss of 25-30% of secondary
structures is allowed.
Other techniques
• Equivalence
• Calque
• Antonymic translation
• Generalization
• Linguistic amplification
• Omission
• Concretization
• Adaptation
• Syntactic inversion
• Transposition etc.
Register (Words and phrases of
unquestionably high or low register
that can be preserved in the target
language, but might be lowered or
raised (e.g., curses, profanity, taboo
words).
Numbers/Names
Nine Categories of
Interpreter Errors
Interpreter Error Possible Reasons
Omission Lack of language proficiency * (e.g.
unawareness of idioms or terminology),
overloaded short term memory,
speaker’s use of curse
words (deletion)
Addition Overclarification and
overcompensation for weaknesses
elsewhere
in the interpretation, prediction errors
Substitution Short term memory failures and
imprecise vocabulary
Conceptual error Lack of language proficiency,

(e.g. literal translation, problem with discourse and
distortion) the sequence
of the narrative
Role exchange Lack of training, cultural

factors, difficulty of ethical
decision making
Grammatical error Listening errors, volume
inadequate, memory, lack of
language proficiency
Lexical error Listening errors,

inadequate volume, lack
of language proficiency
Non conservation Language proficiency

of register
Non conservation Interpreter doesn’t

of think they’re important,
paralinguistic short term
features memory problems
WHAT kind of errors
WHEN
Conclusions
Linguistic compression, reduction
(omission), addition, use of synonyms
and equivalence as well as grammatical
inversion are the main techniques used by
interpreters.
Though all these differ their main purpose
is to reformulate and summarise the
information.
In order to understand better how to use
correctly the translation techniques and
strategies,
try to analyze parallel speeches as well as try
to apply the relevant techniques in rendering
speeches.
Good luck 

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INTERPRETING

• Microlevel – internal part of the

Conceptual error Lack of language proficiency,

Role exchange Lack of training, cultural

Lexical error Listening errors,

Non conservation Language proficiency

Non conservation Interpreter doesn’t

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