3.launch and Launch Vehicles

LAUNCH VEHICLES
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Topics covered according to
syllabus
• Orbital perturbations
• Launch and launch vehicles
• Orbital effects in communication
system performance.
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Orbital Perturbations
• Longitudinal changes.
• Inclination changes.
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Longitudinal changes
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Longitudinal changes
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Inclination changes
• Effect of sun and moon(0.85 degrees per year).
• Min years(1997 & 2015 (0.75 degrees/year)).
• Max years(1988 & 2006(0.94 degrees/year)).
• Changes max when inclination is zero degrees.
• Changes min if it is 14.67 degrees.
• Takes 26.6 years to change from zero to 14.67
degrees.
• N-S maneuvers & E-W maneuvers.
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Launches And Launch Vehicles
• Velocity vector and orbital height must be
simultaneously correct.
• Expendable launch vehicle.
• Reusable launch vehicle.
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Expendable launch vehicle
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Comparison of Indian carrier rockets. Left to right: SLV, ASLV, PSLV, GSLV, GSLV Mk.III
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During the 1960s and 1970s, India initiated its own
launch vehicle programme owing to geopolitical and
economic considerations. In the 1960s–1970s, the
country successfully developed a sounding rockets
programme, and by the 1980s, research had yielded
the Satellite Launch Vehicle-3 and the more
advanced Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle
(ASLV), complete with operational supporting
infrastructure. ISRO further applied its energies to
the advancement of launch vehicle technology
resulting in the creation of PSLV and GSLV
technologies.
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Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV)
Status: Decommissioned
The Satellite Launch Vehicle, usually known by its
abbreviation SLV or SLV-3 was a 4-stage solid-
propellant light launcher. It was intended to reach a
height of 500 km and carry a payload of 40 kg. Its
first launch took place in 1979 with 2 more in each
subsequent year, and the final launch in 1983. Only
two of its four test flights were successful.
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Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV)
Status: Decommissioned
The Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle, usually
known by its abbreviation ASLV was a 5-stage solid
propellant rocket with the capability of placing a
150 kg satellite into Low Earth Orbit. This project was
started by the ISRO during the early 1980s to
develop technologies needed for a payload to be
placed into a geostationary orbit. Its design was
based on Satellite Launch Vehicle. The first launch
test was held in 1987, and after that 3 others
followed in 1988, 1992 and 1994, out of which only 2
were successful, before it was decommissioned.
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Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)
Status: Active
The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, commonly known by
its abbreviation PSLV, is an expendable launch
system developed by ISRO to allow India to launch its
Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites into Sun
synchronous orbits. PSLV can also launch small
satellites into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). The
reliability and versatility of the PSLV is proven by the
fact that it has launched, as of 2014, 71
satellites/spacecraft (31 Indian and 40 foreign) into a
variety of orbits. The maximum number of satellites
launched by the PSLV in a single launch is 20, in the
PSLV-C34 launch on 22 June 2016 (Earth observation
satellite( Cartosat-2 Series) and 19 others in the
designated polar Sun Synchronous Orbit).
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Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV)
Status: Active
The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, usually known by
its abbreviation GSLV, is an expendable launch system developed
to enable India to launch its INSAT-type satellites into
geostationary orbit and to make India less dependent on foreign
rockets. At present, it is ISRO's second-heaviest satellite launch
vehicle and is capable of putting a total payload of up to 5 tons
to Low Earth Orbit. The vehicle is built by India with the cryogenic
engine purchased from Russia while the ISRO develops its own
engine programme.
In a setback for ISRO, the attempt to launch the GSLV, GSLV-F06
carrying GSAT-5P, failed on 25 December 2010. The initial
evaluation implies that loss of control for the strap-on boosters
caused the rocket to veer from its intended flight path, forcing a
programmed detonation. Sixty-four seconds into the first stage of
flight, the rocket began to break up due to the acute angle of
attack. The body housing the 3rd stage, the cryogenic stage,
incurred structural damage, forcing the range safety team to initiate
a programmed detonation of theVRK
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On 5 January 2014, GSLV-D5 successfully launched GSAT-14 into
intended orbit. This also marked first successful flight using indigenous
cryogenic engine, making India the sixth country in the world to have this
technology.
Again on 27 August 2015, GSLV-D6 launched GSAT-6 into the transfer
orbit. ISRO used the indigenously developed Cryogenic Upper Stage
(CUS) third time on board in this GSLV flight.
On 8 September 2016, GSLV-F05 successfully launched INSAT-3DR, an
advanced weather satellite, weighing 2211 kg into a Geostationary Transfer
Orbit (GTO). GSLV is designed to inject 2 - 2.5 Tonne class of satellites
into GTO. The launch took place from the Second Launch Pad at Satish
Dhawan Space Centre SHAR (SDSC SHAR), Sriharikota. GSLV-F05 flight
is significant since it is the first operational flight of GSLV carrying
Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS). The indigenously developed CUS was
carried on board for the fourth time during a GSLV flight in the GSLV-F05
flight. GSLV-F05 vehicle is configured with all its three stages including the
CUS similar to the ones successfully flown during the previous GSLV-D5
and D6 missions in January 2014 and August 2015
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Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark-III (GSLV III)
Status: Currently under development

GSLV-Mk III is a launcher which is currently under development. It is
expected to launch four tonne satellites into geosynchronous transfer orbit.
GSLV-Mk III is conceived as a three-stage vehicle with a 110 tonne core
liquid propellant stage (L-110) flanked by two 200 tonne solid propellant
strap-on booster motors (S-200). The upper stage will be cryogenic with a
propellant loading of 25 tonne (C-25). The vehicle will have a lift-off mass of
about 640 tonnes and be 43.43 meters tall. According to ISRO, the payload
fairing has a diameter of 5 meters and a payload volume of 100 cubic
metres. It will allow India to become less dependent on foreign rockets for
heavy lifting.
On 18 December 2014, ISRO successfully conducted an experimental test-
flight of GSLV MK III carrying a crew module, to be used in future human
space missions. This suborbital test flight demonstrated the performance of
GSLV Mk III in the atmosphere.
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Placing Sat in GEO :Direct Insertion
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Orbital Effects in Communication
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PSLV
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LAUNCH VEHICLES

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