Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 107 views

    Neurotransmitters

    Uploaded by

    Rahul Damor
    Neurotransmitters are chemicals released from nerve endings that transmit signals between neurons or from neurons to muscles. They play an essential role in human emotion and behavior by conveying information across the synaptic cleft. Major categories of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system include acetylcholine, monoamines like norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin, amino acids like GABA and glutamate, and neuropeptides. Imbalances in various neurotransmitter systems are implicated in several psychiatric disorders.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Neurotransmitters

    Uploaded by

    Rahul Damor
    107 views12 pages
    Neurotransmitters are chemicals released from nerve endings that transmit signals between neurons or from neurons to muscles. They play an essential role in human emotion and behavior by conveying information across the synaptic cleft. Major categories of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system include acetylcholine, monoamines like norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin, amino acids like GABA and glutamate, and neuropeptides. Imbalances in various neurotransmitter systems are implicated in several psychiatric disorders.

    Original Description:

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Neurotransmitters are chemicals released from nerve endings that transmit signals between neurons or from neurons to muscles. They play an essential role in human emotion and behavior by conveying information across the synaptic cleft. Major categories of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system include acetylcholine, monoamines like norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin, amino acids like GABA and glutamate, and neuropeptides. Imbalances in various neurotransmitter systems are implicated in several psychiatric disorders.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    107 views12 pages

    Neurotransmitters

    Uploaded by

    Rahul Damor
    Neurotransmitters are chemicals released from nerve endings that transmit signals between neurons or from neurons to muscles. They play an essential role in human emotion and behavior by conveying information across the synaptic cleft. Major categories of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system include acetylcholine, monoamines like norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin, amino acids like GABA and glutamate, and neuropeptides. Imbalances in various neurotransmitter systems are implicated in several psychiatric disorders.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 12

    2/18/2015 ANCY I MSc.

    NEUROTRANSMITTERS
    By : Hiral Patel
    F.Y.M.Sc NURSING

    2/18/2015 ANCY KURIAN IMSc. Neurotransmitters 2


    DEFINITION

    • A chemical released from a nerve ending


    that transmits impulses from one neuron
    (nerve cell) to another neuron, or to a
    muscle cell

    3
    Neurotransmitters
     Neurotransmitters play an essential function in the role of human emotion
    and behavior.
     These are chemical that convey information across synaptic cleft to
    neighboring target cells.
     They are store in small vesicles in the axon terminals of neurons.
     When electrical impulse reaches this point, the neurotransmitters are released
    from the vesicles.
     They cross the synaptic cleft and bind with receptor site on the cell body of
    dendrites of adjacent neuron to allow the impulse to continue its course or to
    prevent the impulse from continuing.
     After the neurotransmitters has performed its function in the synapse, it
    either return to the vesicles to be stored and used again or it is inactivated
    and dissolved by enzymes.
     The process of being stored for reuse is called reuptake.

    4
    TYPICAL CHEMICAL SYNAPSE -
    STRUCTURE

    5
     BIOLOGICAL THEORIES say that, many of the psychiatric disorders are
    caused by imbalance in the complex process of brain structures communicating
    with each other through neurotransmission.

     THE NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM deals with the interaction between the


    nervous and endocrine system and the hormones that react to stimulation from the
    nerve cells.

     PSYCHOIMMUNOLOGY: A relatively new field of study, examines the effect


    of psychosocial stressors on the body’s immune system. A compromised immune
    system could contribute to the development of a variety of illnesses, particularly
    in populations already genetically at risk.

     Major categories of neurotransmitters include cholinergic, amino acids and


    monoamines, neuropeptides.
    NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
    Possible
    Neurotransmitter Functions Implications for
    Mental
    illness
    I. Cholinergics
    A. Acetycholine Sleep, arousal, pain, perception, movement, Increased levels:
    memory Depression
    Decreased levels :
    Alzheimer’s Disease,
    Huntington’s disease,
    Parkinson’s
    Disease

    II. Monoamines
    A. Norepinephrine Mood, cognition ,perception Decreased levels :
    ,locomotion ,cardiovascular functioning and Depression
    sleep and arousal. Increased levels :
    Mania, Anxiety states,
    Schizophrenia
    NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (contd…)

    B. Dopamine Movement and coordination, Decreased Levels :


    emotions ,voluntary judgment ,release Parkinson’s
    of prolactin. disease and
    Depression
    Increased levels :
    Mania and
    Schizophrenia
    C. Serotonin Sleep and arousal, libido, appetite, Increased levels :
    mood ,aggression ,pain, perception, Anxiety states
    coordination, judgement. Decreased levels :
    Depression

    D. Histamine Control of gastric secretions, smooth Decreased levels -


    muscle control, cardiac stimulation and Depression
    alertness
    NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (contd…)
    III. Amino Acids
    A. Gamma-amino-butyric Slowdown of body activity Decreased levels :
    acid(GABA) Huntington’s disease,
    anxiety disorders,
    schizophrenia, and
    various forms of epilepsy

    B. Glycine Recurrent inhibition of motor Increased levels ;glycine


    Neurons encephalopathy”,
    decreased levels are
    correlated with spastic
    motor movements.
    C. Glutamate and Asparate Relay of sensory information Increased levels :
    and in the regulation of various motor and Huntington’s disease,
    spinal reflexes temporal lobe epilepsy,
    spinal cerebellar
    degeneration.
    NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (contd…)

    IV. NEUROPEPTIDES
    A. Endorphins Modulation of pain and reduced peristalsis Modulation of dopamine
    and activity by opoid
    Enkephalins neuropeptides may
    indicate some link to the
    symptoms of
    schizophrenia
    B. Substance P Regulation of pain. Increased levels :
    Depression
    Decreased levels :
    Huntington’s disease and
    Alzheimer’s disease
    C. Somatostatin Stimulates release of dopamine ,serotonin Increased levels :
    ,norepinephrine and acetylcholine, and inhibits release of Huntington’s disease
    norepinephrine, histamine and glutamate . Decreased levels :
    Also acts as a neuromodulator for serotonin in the Alzheimer's disease
    hypothalamus
    CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY
    THANKYOU

    You might also like