ENRICH: Pathway to Sustainable Development

Human Dignity and Choice

An Overview on different development approaches including the ENRICH approach.

Presented by:
Dr. Md. Jashim Uddin
Deputy Managing Director (Admin),
PKSF.
There are many examples of failure in the
world of rural development, so success
certainly attracts attention and deserves to
be celebrated and studied.
RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Rural development is the process of improving the quality of life and

economic well-being of people living in relatively isolated and sparsely
populated areas. It aims to the social and economic development of the
rural areas.

According to World Bank,

“Rural development is a strategy designed to improve the economic and social
life of a specific group of people-the rural poor.”
HISTORY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

British Period (1757-1947):

 British rule in the India was worst thing which could happen to any country.
The british empire started its empire as pirates, it looted, destroyed and
invaded India.
 A permanent settlement system was established whereby property rights
were granted in perpetuity to local zamindars (landlords). Gov.-Gen. Charles
Cornwallis (served 1786–93),
 In the long run, British rule transformed traditional South Asian society
immensely.
HISTORY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Pakistan Period (1947-1971) :

 In 1950 Zamidari system was abolished.
 Village Agricultural and Industrial Development (V-AID) program in 1953.
 A four-tier local government system in 1959
 Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development (BARD) or The Comilla Model
was a rural development program launched in 1959 by Akhter Hameed Khan.
 BARD have provided micro-credit, human resource development training and
other services addressing diverse social issues such as health, sanitation,
family planning, mass education, gender and environment.
POVERTY ALLEVIATION AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Bangladesh Period (1971 onwards):

 In 1972 Bangladesh government activated the Integrated Rural Development Program
(IRDP) to replicate and expand The Comilla Model in other parts of the country. Now it is
worked as Bangladesh Rural Development Board ( BRDB).

 since inception in 1972, the BRDB has implemented 74 projects and programs, most of them
being poverty-focused and micro-credit based (Bangladesh Economic Review 2010, p. 208).

 In 1979, CIRDAP was established in 1979 as an inter-governmental organization to facilitate

Integrated Rural Development in the Asia- Pacific region.
POVERTY ALLEVIATION AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Bangladesh Period (Government Approach):

 Social safety net Programs (SSNP)
 The Vulnerable Group Development,
 Thana Resource Development and Employment Project,
 Rural Social Service Program,
 Thana Irrigation Program (TIP)
 Community Development Program,
 Self- reliance Program for Rural Women,
 Technologies for rural employment, etc.
PKSF & RURAL DEVELOPMENT

People-Centered Inclusive
Holistic Finance
Development

Advocacy,
Capacity
PKSF Knowledge
Building dissemination

Social Enterprise
Protection Development
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PKSF & RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Enterprise
Inclusive Finance Social Protection
Development

• Business Development • Disaster Management

• Buniad
Services.
• Jagoron Capacity • Micro Insurance
• Agrosor Building • Value Chain Dev.

• Sufolon
• Technology Transfer
• Sahosh
• Institutional
Development Loan
etc.
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PKSF & RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Advocacy and
People-Centered
Capacity Development Knowledge
Holistic Development
Dissemination
• Policy Advocacy • Education, skill training,
• Training health services.
• Mobile Cinema Van
Capacity
• Results Based Training • Appropriate financing.
Building
• On-site Advisory • Agriculture Counseling
• Community-Based
• Institutional
Center Development
Development Loan

• Workshop and Seminars • Empower the poor

households.
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LETS SEE SOME SUCCESS STORY
THAILAND’S UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE

WHY ?

Thailand has proved to the world that Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is achievable. Even
with a GNI per capita of US$ 1,900 in 2002, the entire population was fully covered by
publicly-financed health insurance schemes.
THAILAND’S UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE

During the last decade, Thailand has become a site for learning by countries in and outside the
region on various topics and issues having to do with the implementation of UHC.

‘‘BECAUSE WE ARE POOR, WE CAN NOT AFFORD NOT TO HAVE UNIVERSAL

HEALTH COVERAGE’’
--Piyasakol Sakolsatayadorn, Minister of Public Health, Royal Thai Government
THAILAND’S UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE

Situation Before UHC

 In Thailand in 2001, nearly one in four people were uninsured; others were covered by
insurance that offered only partial protection

 The country was in a healthcare crisis.

 More than 17,000 children younger than five died in year 2000, about two-thirds of them
from easily preventable infectious diseases.

 About 20% of the poorest Thai homes fell into poverty from out-of-pocket healthcare
spending.
THAILAND’S UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE
IMPACT of UHC

The association between poverty and Significantly fewer people reported they were
infant mortality disappeared. too sick to go to work
THAILAND’S UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE

Health status of Thailand & Bangladesh at a

glance, 2015
  Thailand Bangladesh
Infant 11 per 1000 live 31 per 1000 live births
mortality births
Child 12 per 1000 live 38 per 1000 live births
mortality births
Skilled birth 100% of total births  44% of total births
Life 74 years  72 years
expectancy
Adult 207 (male), 105  149 (male), 104
mortality (female) (female)
Data Source: Unicef & WHO
Rural people in Thailand – like the ones at this tea
plantation– have robust access to healthcare thanks to the
country’s Universal Coverage Scheme (UCS).
THE ROAD TO THAILAND’S UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE

 Thailand has proved to the world that Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is achievable. Even

with a GNI per capita of US$ 1,900 in 2002, the entire population was fully covered by

publicly-financed health insurance schemes. (GNI per capita of Bangladesh in 2016 is US$ 1,330)

 They achieved UHC through achieved through three public insurance schemes:

1. Civil Servant Medical Benefit Scheme (CSMBS) for civil servants and their dependents,
2. Social Health Insurance (SHI) for formal sector employees
3. Universal Coverage Scheme (UCS) for the remainder of the population.
SAEMAUL UNDONG MODEL (INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM)

WHY ?

One reason for a close look at the Saemaul Undong (SMU) is the success
achieved by Korea in a relatively short time (the decade of the 1970s) in raising
incomes and improving living standards in rural areas, thus narrowing the
urban-rural divide. Absolute rural poverty also declined at that decade (from
27.9 percent in 1970 to 10.8 percent in 1978.)
Initiated by President Park Chung Hee in South Korea in the early 1970s.
KOREA’S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (late 1960s)

Redistribution of
wealth through land Investment in
reform human capital
1951

Renewed attention
to the agricultural Major investment
and rural sector and job creation in
through SMU and the industrial sector
other programs.
KOREA’S RURAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY, 1970s

 In the Third Five-Year Economic Development Plan

(1972–76) investment in agriculture was greatly
increased.

 Major investments were made in expanding irrigation.

 Introduction of new hybrid rice varieties, increasing use

of fertilizer and other chemical inputs, rural
electrification, and expanding transportation networks.

 Changes in policy to favor the agricultural sector by

increasing the government purchase price of rice and
protecting the agricultural sector from cheaper imports.
KOREA’S RURAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY, 1970s

Most important factors in increasing average rural incomes through the 1970s were

(1) The favorable rice pricing policy;

(2) Increased rice yields using new hybrid seeds; and

(3) Smaller household size due to rapid out-migration
from the rural sector.
Lessons from Korea’s rural transformation and the Saemaul Undong

1. Invest early and consistently in rural education and health programs that help create the
human capital.

2. Strengthen the capacity of local governance institutions to plan and administer national
policies and programs at the local level.

3. Create institutions and infrastructure to support the rural economy, including finance,
processing, storage, transport, communication, etc.

4. Support the empowerment of rural women to play leadership roles in the local economy.

5. Integrate rural development as a high priority into the national economic development plan.
Japan’s R-LIP

WHY ?

The livelihood improvement approach is a technique that developed to improve the lives of
people in rural Japan particularly in the late 1940s and 1950s. The daily lives of the rural
Japanese, particularly the women, have been greatly improved since the introduction of the R-
LIP in 1948.

It was before the nation entered its period of high economic growth.
The Efforts and Results in Japan

Stove improvements
Improvements were developed for the kamado including a chimney and a waist-high profile,
greatly improving the health of rural women.
Community cooking
A cooperative system was developed whereby several households would cook together to
decrease the manual labor
Community daycare
This system was developed so that housewives could dedicate themselves to the farm work
without worry.
Characteristic of R-LIP is its way of solving issues not by introducing foreign systems and
technologies, but by skillfully using the limited resources available to improve people's lives.
PEOPLE CENTRIC PROGRAM

People-centered development is an approach to international development that

focuses on improving local communities' self-reliance, social justice, and
participatory decision-making. It recognizes that economic growth does not
inherently contribute to human development and calls for changes in social,
political, and environmental values and practices.
ENRICH : PEOPLE CENTRIC PROGRAM
In 2010, along with many other programs and
projects, PKSF initiated a people-centred
integrated approach to poverty reduction. This
total development approach has been named as
‘Enhancing Resources and Increasing
Capacities of Poor Households towards
Elimination of their Poverty (ENRICH)’
ENRICH : A PARADIGM SHIFT

PKSF

Partner Local government

Organizations units
OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK OF ENRICH
SPIRIT OF ENRICH
Conventional ENRICH
Development Approach Approach
The purpose is Betterment of Life Betterment of Life with dignity
Starting from What we don’t have What we have
Central issue is Productivity, Income Human dignity
Main concern is As much as possible As sustainably as possible
Basis of Poverty reduction Cost of basic need economic, social, and environmental
dimensions of poverty
Important tools are Money Social capital, household-based total
development
Program focus Poor Everyone, regardless of socio-
economic standing.
How to finance the Grant/Loan/Microcredit Appropriate financing
process
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Thank You

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