Hydropower
Hydropower
Hydropower
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Hydrologic Cycle
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Hydropower to Electric Power
Electrical
Potential Energy
Energy
Electricity
Kinetic
Energy
Mechanical
Energy
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CONCEPT OF HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER
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CONCEPT OF HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER
• After flow and gross head between two points measured - hydraulic
power calculated as below
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Classification of Hydro electric power station.
• Classification on head.
A. High head plant ( < 300 m.)
B. Medium head plant. (60m to 300 m.)
C. Low head plant. ( > 60m.)
• Classification on water condition
A. Flaw of water plant.
B. Storage of water plant.
C. Pump storage water plant.
Classification of Hydro electric power station.
• Classification on operation.
A. Manual plant.
B. Automatic plant.
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Medium head
plant
Major Hydropower Producers
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World’s Largest Dams
Max Annual
Name Country Year Generation Production
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Itaipú Dam (Brazil & Paraguay)
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Guri Dam (Venezuela)
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Grand Coulee Dam (US)
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History of Hydro Power
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Early Irrigation Waterwheel
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Hydro electric power plant.`
Propeller turbine for low
head plant.
construction of penstock in hydro power station.`
View of Draft tube in Hydro electric power plant.`
Internal view of Hydro electric power plant.`
Working diagram Hydro electric power plant.`
Elevation view Hydro electric power plant.`
Out side view Hydro electric power plant.`
Meeting Peak Demands
Hydroelectric plants:
Start easily and quickly and change power
output rapidly
Complement large thermal plants (coal and
nuclear), which are most efficient in serving
base power loads.
Save millions of barrels of oil
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Types of Systems
Impoundment
Hoover Dam, Grand Coulee
Diversion or run-of-river systems
Niagara Falls
Most significantly smaller
Pumped Storage
Two way flow
Pumped up to a storage reservoir and returned
to a lower elevation for power generation
A mechanism for energy storage, not net energy
production
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Conventional Impoundment Dam
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http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.html
Diversion (Run-of-River)
Hydropower
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Micro Run-of-River Hydropower
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http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.html
Micro Hydro Example
http://www.electrovent.com/#hydrofr
Pumped Storage Schematic
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Pumped Storage System
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Pumped Storage Power Spectrum
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Turbine Design
Francis Turbine
Kaplan Turbine
Pelton Turbine
Turgo Turbine
New Designs
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Types of Hydropower Turbines
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Schematic of Francis Turbine
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(H = head in meters)
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www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_rd.html
Hydro Power
Calculations
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Efficiency of Hydropower Plants
Hydropower is very efficient
Efficiency = (electrical power delivered to the
“busbar”) ÷ (potential energy of head water)
Typical losses are due to
Frictional drag and turbulence of flow
Friction and magnetic losses in turbine &
generator
Overall efficiency ranges from 75-95%
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H = 25 m
Q = 600 ℓ/min × 1 m3/1000 ℓ × 1 min/60sec
Q = 0.01 m3/sec
= 0.83
E = P×t
E = 2.1 kW × 24 hrs/day × 365 days/yr
E = 18,396 kWh annually
P 10QH = 10(0.83)(6000)(100)
P 4.98 million kW = 4.98 GW (gigawatts)
E = P×t = 4.98GW × 24 hrs/day × 365 days/yr
E = 43,625 GWh = 43.6 TWh (terrawatt hours)
People = E÷3000 = 43.6 TWh / 3,000 kWh
People = 1.45 million people
(This assumes maximum power production 24x7)
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Reconnaissance Stage
• Assess load requirements
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Pre-feasibility Stage
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Pre-feasibility Stage Cont…
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Feasibility (Detailed Project Report) Stage
• Establish design flows for power and flood discharge. Collect data on
other weather parameters
• Design flow norms 90% probability discharge for all hydro projects.
Has been relaxed for shps to 75% availability. For micro hydro
schemes 50% availability
• Plan and design lay out and all civil and electrical engineering
features and ensure cost reduction with technology innovation
(use of local materials and labor for shps). Prepare technical
specifications and tender documents for construction. Provide
for standby diesel unit
• Prepare project report with cost estimates for all civil and
electrical works, construction schedule, economic analysis.
Obtain environmental clearance.
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Detailed Design
After approval/securing of funds for implementation, mobilize
construction activity. Carry out any residual investigations. Float
tenders for construction and procurement of materials, electrical and
mechanical equipment. Evaluate tenders and award contracts
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Economics of Hydropower
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Production Expense Comparison
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Note that these are for countries where costs are bound to be
lower than for fully industrialized countries
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Impacts of Hydroelectric Dams
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Ecological Impacts
Loss of forests, wildlife habitat, species
Degradation of upstream catchment areas due to
inundation of reservoir area
Rotting vegetation also emits greenhouse gases
Loss of aquatic biodiversity, fisheries, other
downstream services
Cumulative impacts on water quality, natural flooding
Disrupt transfer of energy, sediment, nutrients
Sedimentation reduces reservoir life, erodes turbines
Creation of new wetland habitat
Fishing and recreational opportunities provided by new
reservoirs
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Environmental and Social Issues
Land use – inundation and displacement of people
Impacts on natural hydrology
Increase evaporative losses
Altering river flows and natural flooding cycles
Sedimentation/silting
Impacts on biodiversity
Aquatic ecology, fish, plants, mammals
Water chemistry changes
Mercury, nitrates, oxygen
Bacterial and viral infections
Tropics
Seismic Risks
Structural dam failure risks
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Hydropower – Pros and Cons
Positive Negative
Emissions-free, with virtually no CO2, NOX, Frequently involves impoundment of large
SOX, hydrocarbons, or particulates amounts of water with loss of habitat due
to land inundation
Renewable resource with high conversion Variable output – dependent on rainfall and
efficiency to electricity (80+%) snowfall
Dispatchable with storage capacity Impacts on river flows and aquatic ecology,
including fish migration and oxygen
depletion
Usable for base load, peaking and pumped Social impacts of displacing indigenous
storage applications people
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Energy Policy Act of 2005
Hydroelectric Incentives
Production Tax Credit – 1.8 ¢/KWh
For generation capacity added to an existing facility
(non-federally owned)
Adjusted annually for inflation
10 year payout, $750,000 maximum/year per facility
A facility is defined as a single turbine
Expires 2016
Efficiency Incentive
10% of the cost of capital improvement
Efficiency hurdle - minimum 3% increase
Maximum payout - $750,000
One payment per facility
Maximum $10M/year
Expires 2016
5.7 MW proposed through June 2006
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World Commission on Dams
Established in 1998
Mandates
Review development effectiveness of large dams and
assess alternatives for water resources and energy
development; and
Develop internationally acceptable criteria and
guidelines for most aspects of design and operation
of dams
Highly socially aware organization
Concern for indigenous and tribal people
Seeks to maximize preexisting water and
energy systems before making new dams
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Other Agencies Involved
FERC – Federal Energy Regulatory Comm.
Ensures compliance with environmental law
IWRM – Integrated Water & Rsrc Mgmt
“Social and economic development is
inextricably linked to both water and energy.
The key challenge for the 21st century is to
expand access to both for a rapidly increasing
human population, while simultaneously
addressing the negative social and
environmental impacts.” (IWRM)
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Future of Hydropower
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Hydro Development Capacity
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hydropower.org
Developed Hydropower Capacity
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Hydrologic Cycle
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World Hydropower
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“Hydroelectricity,” Wikipedia.org
Types of Water Wheels
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World Energy Sources
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hydropower.org
Evolution of Hydro Production
OECD: most of Europe, Mexico, Japan, Korea, Turkey, New Zealand, UK, US
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iea.org
Evolution of Hydro Production
OECD: most of Europe, Mexico, Japan, Korea, Turkey, New Zealand, UK, US
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iea.org
Schematic of Impound
Hydropower
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Schematic of Impound
Hydropower
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Cruachan Pumped Storage
(Scotland)
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Francis Turbine – Grand Coulee
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Historically…
Pumped hydro was first used in Italy and
Switzerland in the 1890's.
By 1933 reversible pump-turbines with motor-
generators were available
Adjustable speed machines now used to improve
efficiency
Pumped hydro is available
at almost any scale with
discharge times ranging
from several hours to a
few days.
Efficiency = 70 – 85%
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http://www.electricitystorage.org/tech/technologies_technologies_pumpedhydro.htm
Small Horizontal Francis Turbine
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Francis and Turgo Turbine Wheels
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Turbine Application Ranges
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