Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 25 views

    Introduction To Psychology: by Rabia Umar MS Clinical Psychology

    Uploaded by

    Zaryab Waheed
    This document provides an introduction to the field of psychology. It defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The primary goals of psychology are to describe, understand, predict, and control behavior. The document then outlines several important schools of thought that have shaped psychology, including structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, Gestalt psychology, humanistic psychology, and cognitive psychology. It also discusses some major areas of psychology like clinical, counseling, experimental, forensic, industrial-organizational, school, and social psychology. Finally, it briefly describes some common methods used in psychology such as case histories, naturalistic observation, surveys, experiments, and parts of a simple experiment.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Introduction To Psychology: by Rabia Umar MS Clinical Psychology

    Uploaded by

    Zaryab Waheed
    25 views31 pages
    This document provides an introduction to the field of psychology. It defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The primary goals of psychology are to describe, understand, predict, and control behavior. The document then outlines several important schools of thought that have shaped psychology, including structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, Gestalt psychology, humanistic psychology, and cognitive psychology. It also discusses some major areas of psychology like clinical, counseling, experimental, forensic, industrial-organizational, school, and social psychology. Finally, it briefly describes some common methods used in psychology such as case histories, naturalistic observation, surveys, experiments, and parts of a simple experiment.

    Original Description:

    Original Title

    lecture 1 and 2.pptx

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document provides an introduction to the field of psychology. It defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The primary goals of psychology are to describe, understand, predict, and control behavior. The document then outlines several important schools of thought that have shaped psychology, including structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, Gestalt psychology, humanistic psychology, and cognitive psychology. It also discusses some major areas of psychology like clinical, counseling, experimental, forensic, industrial-organizational, school, and social psychology. Finally, it briefly describes some common methods used in psychology such as case histories, naturalistic observation, surveys, experiments, and parts of a simple experiment.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    25 views31 pages

    Introduction To Psychology: by Rabia Umar MS Clinical Psychology

    Uploaded by

    Zaryab Waheed
    This document provides an introduction to the field of psychology. It defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The primary goals of psychology are to describe, understand, predict, and control behavior. The document then outlines several important schools of thought that have shaped psychology, including structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, Gestalt psychology, humanistic psychology, and cognitive psychology. It also discusses some major areas of psychology like clinical, counseling, experimental, forensic, industrial-organizational, school, and social psychology. Finally, it briefly describes some common methods used in psychology such as case histories, naturalistic observation, surveys, experiments, and parts of a simple experiment.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 31

    Introduction to Psychology

    By Rabia Umar
    MS Clinical Psychology
    Definition

    Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and


    mental processes.
    The field is scientific in terms that psychologists
    approach their studies in an orderly and systematic
    way in order to obtain objective evidence.
    Primary goals of psychology
    Primary goals of psychology are to
    Describe behavior (What happened?)
    Understand and explain behavior (Why did she do
    that?)
    Predict behavior (What would happen if she did
    this?)
    Control behavior (What can she do next time to have
    a different outcome?)
    Psychology’s Rich History
    Several schools of thought have helped to shape the field
    of psychology into what it is today. These include
    Structuralism
    Functionalism
    Psychoanalysis
    Behaviorism
    Gestalt psychology
    Humanistic psychology
    Cognitive psychology
    STRUCTURALISM
    In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt established the first
    “psychological” laboratory in Germany. He is widely
    viewed as the founder of psychology.
    He attempted to uncover the
    structure of consciousness by
    breaking down mental
    processes into their most basic
    components( quality,
     intensity, duration, clearness).
    This was done through a
    process called introspection ( , self
    reports of sensations, views,
    feelings, emotions, etc).
    Wundt‟s approach became
    known as structuralism.
    Functionalism
    William James argued that consciousness
    cannot be broken down into elements.
    He was concerned with ongoing
    conscious experience and the
    functions of mental processes.
    (utility and purpose of
    behavior that has been modified
    over years of human existence
    (Darwinian theory).
    His views gave rise to
    another branch of
    psychology-functionalism.
    Behaviorism
    Behaviourists held the view that only overt
    behaviour can be studied scientifically.

    They advocated the use of strict


    experimental procedures in
    psychology.
    Supported by B. F.
    Skinner, Ivan Pavlov and
    John B. Watson

    John B. Watson
    Gestalt psychology
    Gestalt psychology –founded by Max Wertheimer
    Focused on studying mental
    processes and behaviours as a "whole"
    rather than trying to separate them
    into discrete functions or parts.
    Held the view that “the whole
    is greater than the sum of its
    parts.”
    Law of Perceptual
    Organization and the law of
    closure
    Psychoanalysis
    While other theorists tried to explain varying
    aspects of conscious experience, Sigmund Freud
    argued for the role of unconscious and other
    internal processes in human behavior and mental
    disorders.
    His work formed the foundation
    of psychoanalytic theory.
    Humanistic psychology
    Humanistic psychologists argued that humans are
    not helplessly controlled by unconscious or
    environmental forces –we have free will, goals,
    aspirations, and other positive
    motives which
    should be studied.

    Influenced by Carl Rogers.


    Cognitive psychology
    Studies how we process information through
    -perception, attention, language, memory and
    thinking
    How they influence thoughts, feelings, behaviors
    and ability to operate in world.
    Past experiences make the
    difference between individual’s
    perception and another’s
    -Can you give me an example
    to illustrate this?
    How does psychology differ from other fields?
     The field of psychology is similar to other sciences by
    means of using similar methods when conducting
    research, such as empirical studies and
    the scientific method.
     However, psychology differs from other sciences
    because psychologists focus on mental processes and
    behaviors.
    Example
    Psychology and Physical Sciences
    Physical sciences investigate the nature of physical
    stimuli apart from their relation to an individual. But
    psychology studies the nature of the interaction
    between an individual with physical stimuli.
    Fields/areas within psychology
    Where Psychologists work

    Business and
    government
    13%

    Independent
    practice
    15%

    Uiversities
    Colleges and
    research settings
    48%

    Hospitals clinics
    and human
    services
    24%
    Clinical Psychology
    Clinical psychologists make up the single largest
    specialty area in psychology. Clinicians are
    psychologists who assess, diagnose and treat mental
    illnesses. They frequently work in mental health
    centers, private or group practices or hospitals.
    Clinical psychologists usually perform a broad range
    of tasks on a daily basis such as interviewing patients,
    conducting assessments, giving diagnostic tests and
    performing psychotherapy.
    Counseling Psychology
    Counseling psychologists make up another large
    specialty area in psychology. These professionals
    perform many of the same tasks that clinical
    psychologists do, but counseling psychologists tend to
    work with clients suffering from less severe forms of
    mental illness.
    Counseling psychology focuses on providing
    therapeutic treatments to clients who experience
    emotional, social, vocational, educational, health-
    related, developmental and organizational concerns.
    Experimental Psychology
    Experimental psychologists (or research
    psychologists) conduct research on the behavior of
    humans and animals. They often work at universities,
    private research centers, government agencies, and
    nonprofit organizations. Some major areas of research
    include substance abuse, genetics, neuroscience,
    motivation, and cognitive processes.
    Forensic Psychology
    Forensic psychology is a branch
    of psychology which relates to the law. The main part
    of forensic psychology is working with the criminal
    justice system. Forensic psychology is the use
    of psychological practices and principles and
    applying them
    Forensic psychologists will often conduct their own
    research and may study criminals and their crimes to
    figure out what traits certain types of criminals have,
    which may involve interviewing criminals along with
    their loved ones and victims. to the legal system.
    Industrial-Organizational Psychology
    Industrial-organizational psychology focuses on
    workplace behavior and is one of the fastest-growing
    specialty areas in psychology. Industrial and
    organizational psychologists tries to understand and
    measure human behavior to improve employees'
    satisfaction in their work, employers' ability to select
    and promote the best people, and to generally make
    the workplace better for the men and women who
    work there."
    School Psychology
    School psychologists work within the educational system
    to help children with emotional, social and academic
    issues.
    The goal of school psychology is to collaborate with
    parents, teachers, and students to promote a healthy
    learning environment that focuses on the needs of
    children.
     School psychologists work with individual students and
    groups of students to deal with behavioral problems,
    academic difficulties and other issues. They also work
    with teachers and parents to develop techniques to deal
    with home and classroom behavior. 
    Social Psychology
    Social psychologists studies human behavior within a
    social context.
    Their main focus is to determine how people's
    thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the
    actual, imagined or implied presence of others.
    These professionals often work in areas such as market
    research, organizational management and other
    applied areas.
    Methods of psychology
    Case History
     Case history is an in-depth study of single person.
     In a case study, nearly every aspect of the subject’s life and
    history is analyzed to seek patterns and causes for behavior.
     Case studies can be compared and contrasted to further
    analyze the data, however the focus is always to analyze the
    behaviors, feelings, thoughts, etc. of one person.
     Case studies were developed from the idea of single cases
    being tried in a court of law. Sigmund Freud was the first in
    his field to use case studies to learn more about his patients.
     Unfortunately, case studies tend to be highly subjective and
    it is difficult to generalize results on larger population.
    Naturalistic observation
     Naturalistic observation is a method of observation
    commonly used by psychologists and social scientists.
     It involves observation of subjects in their natural
    habitats.
     Researchers take great care in avoiding interferences
    with the behavior they are observing.
     It is objective study of events as they occur naturally
    without intervention.
    Survey method
     Survey is a method of scientific investigation in which
    a large sample of people answer questions about their
    attitude or behavior.
     Standardized surveys provide data with little to no
    errors. They are cost effective and efficient as a large
    group of people can be surveyed in a short period of
    time. 
    Experimental method
     Experimental method involves manipulating one
    variable to determine if changes in one variable cause
    changes in another variable.
     This method relies on controlled methods and
    manipulation of variables to test the hypothesis.
     An experiment is a study of cause and effect and it is
    different from non-experimental methods in a way that
    it involves purposeful manipulation of one variable ,
    while trying to keep all other variables constants.
     The cause and effect of a particular problem can be
    studied through an experiment
    Parts of simple experiment
    Independent variable: is the variable that is controlled
    and manipulated by the experimenter.
    Dependent variable: is the variable that is measured by
    the experimenter.
    Experimental group: is a test sample or the group that
    receives an experimental procedure. This group is
    exposed to changes in the independent variable being
    tested.
    Control group is a group separated from the rest of
    the experiment such that the independent variable
    being tested cannot influence the results.
    Thanks

    You might also like