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    Dns & Irc: Prepared By: Zekria Muzafar

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    mahsa ahmadzai
    IRC is an application layer protocol that facilitates real-time text-based communication over the internet. It allows users to participate in group chat channels or private messages. IRC was created in 1988 and grew rapidly through the 1990s as a popular way for internet users to socialize and share information in real-time. Some key advantages of IRC include low cost communication, ability to meet new people from around the world, and opportunity for sharing ideas and information globally.

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    Dns & Irc: Prepared By: Zekria Muzafar

    Uploaded by

    mahsa ahmadzai
    68 views35 pages
    IRC is an application layer protocol that facilitates real-time text-based communication over the internet. It allows users to participate in group chat channels or private messages. IRC was created in 1988 and grew rapidly through the 1990s as a popular way for internet users to socialize and share information in real-time. Some key advantages of IRC include low cost communication, ability to meet new people from around the world, and opportunity for sharing ideas and information globally.

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    Original Title

    DNS and IRC

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    IRC is an application layer protocol that facilitates real-time text-based communication over the internet. It allows users to participate in group chat channels or private messages. IRC was created in 1988 and grew rapidly through the 1990s as a popular way for internet users to socialize and share information in real-time. Some key advantages of IRC include low cost communication, ability to meet new people from around the world, and opportunity for sharing ideas and information globally.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    68 views35 pages

    Dns & Irc: Prepared By: Zekria Muzafar

    Uploaded by

    mahsa ahmadzai
    IRC is an application layer protocol that facilitates real-time text-based communication over the internet. It allows users to participate in group chat channels or private messages. IRC was created in 1988 and grew rapidly through the 1990s as a popular way for internet users to socialize and share information in real-time. Some key advantages of IRC include low cost communication, ability to meet new people from around the world, and opportunity for sharing ideas and information globally.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 35

    LOGO

    DNS & IRC

    Prepared by: Zekria


    Muzafar
    DNS(Domain Name System)
     Introduction:
     If you've ever used the Internet, it's a good bet that
    you've used the Domain Name System, or DNS, even
    without realizing it.

     People prefer to use easy to remember names


    instead of IP addresses.

     Domain names are alphanumeric names for IP


    addresses.
     e.g., kr.yahoo.com, postech.ac.kr, ietf.org
    DNS
     DIFINATION:
     DNS is a protocol within the set of standards for how
    computers exchange data on the Internet and on
    many private networks, known as the TCP/IP
    protocol suite.

    OR:

     The domain name system (DNS) is an Internet-wide


    distributed database that translates between domain
    names and IP addresses.
    DNS
     Resolver and Name Server:
     An application program on a host accesses
    the domain system through a DNS client,
    called the Resolver.
     Resolver contacts DNS Server, called name
    server.
     DNS server returns IP address to resolver
    which passes the IP address to application.
    Client Resolver DNS Server
    1. Host name(google) 2. Host name(google)

    4. IP(66.249.91.103) 3. IP(66.249.91.103)
    DNS
     Domain names:
    If we had to remember the IP
    addresses of all our favorite Web
    sites we'd probably go nuts!
    You probably have hundreds
    of domain names stored in your
    head, such as:

     howstuffworks.com -- our favorite domain name


     google.com -- one of the most used domain names in the world
     mit.edu -- a popular EDU name
     bbc.co.uk -- a three-part domain name using the country code
    UK.
    DNS
     Domain name space:
    The naming system on which DNS is based is a
    hierarchical and logical tree structure called the
    domain namespace.
    DNS

    1 ROOT DOMAIN

    2 Top level domain

    3 Second level domain

    4 Sub domain

    5 Host or resource name


    DNS
     DOMAIN NAME SPACE:
    Root Domain

    Top-Level Domain net com org

    Second-Level Domain nwtraders

    Sub domains west south east

    sales Host: server1


    FQDN:
    server1.sales.south.nwtraders.com
    DNS
     Some DNS Top-level Domain Names (TLDs)
    DNS Domain Name Type of Organization
    com Commercial organizations

    edu Educational institutions

    org Non-profit organizations


    Networks (the backbone of the
    net
    Internet)
    Non-military government
    gov
    organizations

    mil Military government organizations

    Two-letter country code (i.e. us,


    “xx”
    au, ca, fr)
    DNS
     Querying the Database:
    DNS queries can be sent from a DNS client (resolver) to a DNS
    server, or between two DNS servers.
    There are two types of DNS queries that may be sent to a DNS
    server:
     Recursive
     Iterative
    A recursive query forces a DNS server to respond to a request
    with either a failure or a successful response. DNS clients
    (resolvers) typically make recursive queries. With a recursive
    query, the DNS server must contact any other DNS servers it
    needs to resolve the request.
    An iterative query is one in which the DNS server is expected to
    respond with the best local information it has, based on what
    the DNS server knows from local zone files or from caching.
    DNS
     DNS Query Types:
    DNS
     HOW IT WORKS:
     Client wants IP for www.GOOGLE.com; At
    first, client queries a root server to find com
    DNS server.
     Then, client queries com DNS server to get
    GOOGLE.com DNS server.
     Thirdly, Client queries amazon.com DNS
    server to get IP address for
    www.GOOGLE.com.
    DNS
     Resolution Process:
    Let’s look at the resolution process step by
    step:
    Local DNS

    What is the IP address of


    www.google.com?

    Client
    DNS
     The Local DNS asks a root name server, for
    google’s address:
    m.root-server

    Local DNS

    What is the IP address of


    google.com?

    Client
    DNS
     The root server m refers local DNS to the COM name servers.
     This type of response is called a “referral”.

    m.root-server

    Local DNS

    Here’s a list of the COM name servers.


    Ask one of them.

    Client
    DNS
     The local DNS asks a COM name server, f, for
    www.google.com.
    m.root-server

    Local DNS

    .com-server

    What is the IP address of


    www.google.com?

    Client
    DNS
     The COM name sever f refers Local DNS to
    the google.com name servers.
    m.root-server

    Local DNS

    .com-server
    Here’s a list of the google.com
    name servers.
    Ask one of them.

    Client
    DNS
     The local DNS asks an google.com name sever,
    google.com for www.google.com’s address.
    m.root-server

    What is the IP address of


    Local DNS
    www.google.com?

    .com-server

    Client Google.com-
    server
    DNS
     The google.com-server responds with
    www.google.com’s address. m.root-server

    Here’s the IP address for


    Local DNS www.google.com
    (66.249.91.103)

    .com-server

    Google.com-
    Client server
    DNS
     After the previous query, the Local DNS now knows:
     The names and IP addresses of the .com name
    servers.
     The names and IP addresses of the google.com
    name servers.
     The IP address of www.google.com.

    Local DNS Here’s the IP address for


    www.google.com
    (66.249.91.103)

    Google.com-
    server
    Client
    LOGO

    IRC
    IRC (INTERNET RELAY CHAT)
     Introduction:
    IRC is an application layer protocol that facilitates
    communication in the form of text. The chat process
    works on a client/server networking model. IRC
    clients are computer programs that a user can install
    on their system. These clients communicate with chat
    servers to transfer messages to other clients.
    IRC is mainly designed for group communication in
    discussion forums, called channels, but also allows
    one-on-one communication via private messages as
    well as chat and data transfer, including file sharing.
    IRC
     Definition:
    “IRC (Internet Relay Chat) allows many users on
    different systems at different locations to converge
    into one "room" and have a discussion, similar to a
    conference call or party line. IRC is used both for
    entertainment and serious discussion purposes.”

    OR:

    “Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a standard for exchanging


    text messages in real time over the Internet.”
    IRC
     HISTORY OF IRC :
     Jarkko Oikarin decided to develop a multi-user chat
    system where people convene on ‘channels’ to talk
    in groups or privately .

     Birthday of Irc : summer of 1998


     First IRC server : olsun.oulu.fin
     Spread around Scandinavia
     Spread across the internet
     August 1990 : ‘Efnet’ was formed after a big
    disagreement among programmers
     1991 : The Persian Gulf War ==> International fame
    IRC
     December 1992 : ‘The Undernet’ was born
     Summer 1994 : Dalvenjah formed ‘Dalnet’
     ‘The great split’
     ‘Ircnet-servers’ : mostly in Europe
     ‘Efnet-servers : mostly in the US
     Still a lot of new initiatives to improve and
    develop the internet realy chat.
    IRC
     The first IRC server, tolsun.oulu.fi, a Sun-3 server on
    display near the University of Oulu computer centre.
    (2001)
    IRC
     MIRC ND XCHAT:
     One of the most famous IRC clients.

     Designed for Windows.


    IRC
     The advantages of IRC:  
     1. A friend of mine chats everyday via ICQ.
    He chats on average 3 hours a week and
    started chatting two years ago.
    The reason why he chats is very functional.
    He’s girlfriend lives in Spain; the telephone
    costs a lot of money and in this way they can
    talk to each other and say a lot of things
    without a very high telephone bill. The
    advantage of chatting in this example
    doesn’t need any explanation.
    IRC
     2. Chatting can mean sharing ideas and information
    with other people known or unknown.
     3. It can be a global conferencing room
     4. It’s like going to a pub and meeting people, but
    then from all over the world
     5. You can meet people in real live, you met before
    on a chatbox. Maybe it will turn out in a wild love
    affair ;)
     6. It’s pretty cheap, the price of a local call. Makes
    long distance communication more attractive.
    IRC
     6. It’s cheap, the price of a local call. Makes long
    distance communication more attractive.
     7. A lot is left up to imagination.
     8. An Irc-client can be downloaded for free.
     9. You get real time response.
     10. There are a lot of channels and topics to choose
    from.
    IRC
     The disadvantages of IRC:
     1.      It takes a lot of time. Or like they say time flies ,
    when you are chatting
     2.      People can get addicted to it , and so the
    telephone bill can get expensive
     3.      It’s asocial. No real face-to-face contact.
     4.      It isn’t easy to regulate , so can be abused.
     5.      Maybe the other person you really like on the
    chatbox , has got a totally different identity in real
    life .
     6.      Most people use it for fun , no really qualitative
    information can be gathered from the chatbox.
    IRC
    LOGO

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