The document discusses the Second Partition of Bengal in 1947 and the creation of Pakistan and India. It summarizes that the Indian subcontinent was divided into two states, Pakistan and India, on August 14-15, 1947. Pakistan was formed in two parts, East and West Pakistan, separated geographically by India. The unification of the two parts of Pakistan was based on religion rather than other factors. Over time, Eastern Bengalis began to believe the Pakistani dream had failed and a true sense of cultural nationalism was needed, leading to the emergence of Bangladesh.
The document discusses the Second Partition of Bengal in 1947 and the creation of Pakistan and India. It summarizes that the Indian subcontinent was divided into two states, Pakistan and India, on August 14-15, 1947. Pakistan was formed in two parts, East and West Pakistan, separated geographically by India. The unification of the two parts of Pakistan was based on religion rather than other factors. Over time, Eastern Bengalis began to believe the Pakistani dream had failed and a true sense of cultural nationalism was needed, leading to the emergence of Bangladesh.
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Class 05 - Birth of Pakistan 1947, Spring 2020.ppt
The document discusses the Second Partition of Bengal in 1947 and the creation of Pakistan and India. It summarizes that the Indian subcontinent was divided into two states, Pakistan and India, on August 14-15, 1947. Pakistan was formed in two parts, East and West Pakistan, separated geographically by India. The unification of the two parts of Pakistan was based on religion rather than other factors. Over time, Eastern Bengalis began to believe the Pakistani dream had failed and a true sense of cultural nationalism was needed, leading to the emergence of Bangladesh.
The document discusses the Second Partition of Bengal in 1947 and the creation of Pakistan and India. It summarizes that the Indian subcontinent was divided into two states, Pakistan and India, on August 14-15, 1947. Pakistan was formed in two parts, East and West Pakistan, separated geographically by India. The unification of the two parts of Pakistan was based on religion rather than other factors. Over time, Eastern Bengalis began to believe the Pakistani dream had failed and a true sense of cultural nationalism was needed, leading to the emergence of Bangladesh.
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The key takeaways are that India was partitioned in 1947 into two independent dominions - India and Pakistan. This was done along religious lines, carving out a separate Muslim state of Pakistan from the Hindu-majority India. The partition led to one of the largest mass migrations in history and widespread violence.
India was partitioned in 1947 along religious lines, dividing the subcontinent into a Hindu-majority India and a Muslim-majority Pakistan. This was done to address the rising tensions between Hindus and Muslims and the demand for a separate Muslim homeland by the Muslim League under Jinnah.
According to Jinnah's two nation theory, Hindus and Muslims in India constituted two distinct nations that could not coexist within one state. He believed they had distinct and separate identities and interests and so required separate homelands.
Class 5 - The Second Partition of
Bengal /Partition of India and Birth
of Pakistan, 1947 North South University Department of History and Philosophy HIS 103: Emergence of Bangladesh Spring, February 05, 2020 Partition, 1947 2nd Partition of Bengal or Partition of India was effected in August 1947. Indian sub-continent was divided into two separate states Pakistan & India on August 14 & 15 respectively. India formed- Hindu regions Pakistan formed- Muslim regions Pakistan was formed in two dominions- East Pakistan and West Pakistan, which were separated geographically by India. This unification of Eastern and Western parts of Pakistan happened on the basis of religion and not anything else. However, within few years of Pakistani experience, a vast number of Eastern Bengalis started to believe that the Pakistani dream has over and a true sense of nationalism on the basis of cultural identity is needed. Thus the pre-1947 nationalism was hidden under the religious identity, whereas the post-1947 nationalism was entirely secular. Background: Divide & Rule Policy Divide & Rule Policy of the British The strategy of "Divide and Rule" was employed by the British to destroy the harmony between various groups and use it for their benefits; They ruled by dividing people one against the other.
They backed various Indian states in conflicts between
each other, both as a means of undermining each other's influence and consolidating their authority.
The same way, they used the strategy to destroy
communal harmony. The creation and perpetuation of Hindu-Muslim antagonism was the most significant accomplishment of British imperial policy: the "divide et impera" (divide and rule). Divide & Rule Policy- (Cont.) Historically Unity in Diversity was the strength of India. India was consisted of 600+ small states & principalities, numerous faiths & religions, castes, ethnicity and so on. Communities were there, but not communalism. British policies & measures sowed the seed of communal tensions. Contributory Factors in the Growth of Communalism
The discord between Hindu and Muslim had
arisen chiefly because of political rivalry and economic competition of the aristocratic sections of the both . Another reason was the impact of Hindu revivalist movement in the later part of the 19th century when a section of Bengali Hindu educated namely, Bhadralok had begun to treat the Muslims in a pompous manner. • The fear that the rise of educated middle class Muslim will challenge Hindu hegemony was prevailed in India due to the growth of western education and nationalism and the reformation movement all over India. • It was this feeling which was largely responsible for the growth of communalism which embittered the relationship the two communities. Background: rise of separatist politics The political scenario of British India was dominated by two nationalist forces: Indian National Congress (INC) & Muslim League (ML).
The relations between INC & Muslim League
was the determining factor for the Partition of India. Since their formations, their relations went through ups & downs, division & unity leading ultimately to the growth of separatist politics and the partition.
As usually, British played the role of catalyst
using one against the other. Indian National Congress (1885) The British succeeded in suppressing the 1857 Revolt but they could not stop the growth of political awareness in India. The Indian National Congress (INC) was founded in December 1885 with the help of British Government. Allan Octavian Hume, an Englishman, a retired member of the Indian Civil Service was the fonder of this INC. A considerable numbers of Muslims joined Congress at the very beginning of its foundation, however, the number of Muslim participation in Congress began to decrease when Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, a North Indian Muslim leader started opposing Congress’s politics. Aims of Congress Promotion of Friendship and cooperation amongst the nationalist political workers from the different parts of the country. Eradication of racial, creed or provincial prejudices Promotion of national unity Formulation of popular demands and their presentation before the Government. Training and organisation of public opinion in the country. Provincial election of 1937: Congress won in most of the provinces But made no attempt to form coalition govt as expected in the Muslim majority provinces. Rather Neheru said: there are two parties in India- British & Congress. Frustrated Zinnah, then the established leader of ML, went on to demand for a separate homeland for the Muslims. Formation of Muslim League (1906)
The All-India Muslim League was formerly
founded on 30 December 1906 by a group of big zamindars, ex-bureaucrats and other upper class Muslims like the Aga Khan, the Nawab of Dacca Salimullah and Nawab Mohsin-ul- Mulk a) To with three promote main among objectives: Indian Muslims the feelings of loyalty towards the British government.
b) To protect and advance the political and other rights of
the Indian Muslims and to bring them into the notice of the Government.
c) To prevent among the Muslims, the rise of prejudicial
feelings against the others communities of India. For about a decade after 1913, the Muslim League came under the influence of progressive Muslim leaders like Maulana Mohammad Ali, Maulana Mazhar-ul-Haq, Syed Wazir Hussain, Hasan Imam and M.A. Jinnah.
The unity between the Congress and the League was
brought about by the signing of the Congress-League Pact, known popularly as the Lucknow Pact (1916) and both put forward common political demands before the government.
The Pact accepted separate electorates and
reservation of seats for the minorities in the legislatures. Thus the Congress formally recognized communal politics in India. The idea of separate Muslim Homeland and Two Nations Theory • The poet and the political thinker Mohammad Iqbal is thought to be the originator of the idea of a separate Muslim state for the Indian Muslims and is believed to have given the necessary emotional content to the movement.
• In a All India Muslim league session held in Allahabad in
1930, he declared that self government within the British empire or without the British empire, the formation of a North-West Indian Muslim States appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims of India.
• However, the idea of a separate homeland for Muslims to be
called Pakistan took a definite shape in the mind of a young under-graduate at Cambridge, Rahmat Ali. • The most unequivocal declaration of the Hindus and Muslims as separate nationalities was made by M.A. Jinnah at the Lahore session of the Muslim League in March 1940. • Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who became the president of the Muslim League, explained his Two Nation Theory in its final form in his presidential address at Lahore on March 22, 1940. • However, the idea of 'sovereign and sovereign states' was amended in the Muslim League Conference in Calcutta in 1946 and resolved to establish a 'sovereign state of Pakistan' based on the Two Nation Theory. Lahore Resolution • Lahore Resolution adopted at the general session of the Muslim League. In 1940 Mohammed Ali Jinnah called a general session of the All India Muslim League in Lahore to discuss the situation that had arisen due to the outbreak of the Second World War and the Government of India joined the war without taking the opinion of the Indian leaders, and also to analyze the reasons that led to the defeat of the Muslim League in the general election of 1937 in the Muslim majority provinces.
• A K Fazlul Huq led the Bengal Muslim contingent and
reached Lahore on 22 March. The Chief Ministers of Bengal and the Punjab were two dominant figures in the conference. However, the Resolution was eventually passed on the last day of the meeting on March 24. • M A Jinnah, in his speech, criticized the Congress and the nationalist Muslims, and advocated the Two- Nation Theory and the reasons for the demand for separate Muslim homelands.
• His arguments caught the imagination of the Muslim
masses. Sikandar Hayat Khan, the Chief Minister of the Punjab, drafted the original Lahore Resolution, which was placed before the Subject Committee of the All India Muslim League for discussion and amendments. The summary of Lahore resolution says that:
“That geographically connecting units are
demarcated into regions which should be constituted, with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary that the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in a majority as in the North Western and Eastern Zones of (British) India should be grouped to constitute ‘independent states’ in which the constituent units should be autonomous and sovereign”. Aims and Objectives of Lahore Resolution:
The Muslim majority areas of India should be
merged so that the Indian Muslims may have an area where they could establish their independent states. Since the present constitution does not provide protection to the Muslims' interests, it is not acceptable to the Indian Muslims at all. Prior to implementation of the amended constitution, the Muslim leaders should be invited to extend their view about the amendments and this constitution should not be implemented before the consent of the Muslims. The executive committee of the Muslim League should be advised to prepare an action plan in the light of the principles mentioned above making arrangements to take over all the matters and controls in both the wings; proposed East Wing and West Wing of Pakistan. Significance of Lahore Resolution: Lahore Resolution changed the direction of South Asian politics radically. The presentation of Pakistan States broke the dreams of Indians to form a consolidated (Akhand) Bharat.
The concept of Muslim league was altogether changed
after the resolution and now the party emerged as a Nationalist party which set its goal to establish Pakistan on the basis of religious identity. The resolution produced a very communal theory, the two nation theory, that further deteriorated the relationship of Hindus and Muslims in India, caused several riots all over India and humiliated lives of millions.
It became a turning point in the history of the
Muslims of India. After the resolution was taken, a large number of Muslims started joining Muslim League and hence Muslim League became as the Sole Spokesman of Muslims. The relationship of Congress and Muslim league ruined and Muhammad Ali Jinnah emerged as an alternative leader of the Muslim population of India. What is Two Nation Theory?
• According to Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s theory,
Muslim and Hindus are two different nationals and they cannot live under one sovereign state.
• He declared “they are (Hindus and Muslims) are not
religions in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different and distinct social orders, and it is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality”. Partition of India:
The independent dominions of India and Pakistan
were created in 1947; the region of Bengal was divided along religious lines. The predominantly Muslim eastern half was designated East Pakistan and made part of the newly independent Pakistan while the predominantly Hindu western part became the Indian state of West Bengal. Published on 3 June, thus known as the 3 June plan, the partition act laid down elaborate procedures for partition and transfer of power. These included, among other things:
(a) holding of notional system of voting by the
members of the Hindu-majority and Muslim- majority areas of the Bengal Legislative Assembly sitting separately (similar procedure to be followed in the case of the Punjab). (b) referendum in the Surma Valley of Assam ie, the Sylhet district in the North-East and the North West Frontier Province in the North-West to determine their future.
(c) and a Boundary Commission to demarcate the
adjoining areas between the proposed states. Effect of Partition Greatest mass migration of humans in 20th century
Over 15 Million Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims were
displaced & moved across borders
There was large-scale violence, with estimates of
loss of life varying between several hundred thousand and two million
Tens of thousands of women were raped and
kidnapped
The violent nature of the partition created an
atmosphere of hostility between India and Pakistan that plagues their relationship to the present. Iqbal Lord Mountbatten, Last British Viceroy Partition of India
Transfer of Power, Jinnah and
Mountbatten, Karachi, 14 August 1947 Everyday Lif and Loyalties The Impact of Partition