Introduction To Life 1

to
OBJECTIVES:
•describe the nature and characteristics
of Life Science;
•trace the development of life forms
and its evolution; and
•determine several properties/
characteristics of life forms on earth.
2 Earth & Life Science | Introduction to Life
 branch of science that
involve the scientific
study of living organisms
such as plants, animals &
human beings.
LIFE SCIENCE
•Life arose more than 3.5 billion years
ago
•First organisms were single celled
•Only life on Earth for millions of years
•Organisms changed over time (evolved)
•New organisms arose from older kinds

What does it mean to be
alive?
CHARACTERISTICS
OF LIFE
High degree of organization
• A close-up picture of a sunflower showing the parts of the flower with the capitulum (head)
showing the corolla disk (disk florets) and corolla rays of the flower (illustrating a highly ordered
structure);

1. CELLULAR ORGANIZATION
Smallest unit
capable of all
life functions
entire organism is
made up of a
single cell
o Bacteria & Protists
organism is
made up of
many cells
o cells have specialized
functions within the organism
In multicellular organism,
cells & groups of cells
(tissues) are organized by
their function
Atom smallest unit of element
Molecule basic chemical unit that makes up the parts of the cell
Organelle part of a cell
Cell smallest unit of living things
Tissue group of similar cells
Organ differentiated tissues work together doing the same work
Organ System group of different organs of performing different functions
Organisms individual living things or organisms either plant or animal
Population group of similar organisms occupying the same area
Community group of different populations interacting with one another
Ecosystem group of communities interacting with physical factors
Biosphere all the ecosystem on earth with the physical environment
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Reproduction
A mother giraffe with its young calf standing beside her

2. REPRODUCTION
the process of
producing new
organisms of the same
type
2. REPRODUCTION
o Hereditary information from

single parent, usually
unicellular organism that
divides
o Resulting cells contain
identical hereditary
information
2. REPRODUCTION
o Hereditary information from

two different organisms of
the same species are
combined
o Egg and Sperm  Zygote

Energy Processing/ Acquisition and Use
A butterfly
obtaining fuel in
the form of
nectar from
flowers.

3. METABOLISM
o Organisms need
energy to grow,
develop, repair
damage, &
reproduce.
3. METABOLISM
o Process of building up
complex substances from
simpler substances
o building up cells &
cellular components
o Photosynthesis
3. METABOLISM
o Process of breaking down

complex substances into
simpler substances to
release energy
o Digestion, Cellular
Respiration
3. METABOLISM
o The total of all
chemical reactions
in an organism
o Anabolism +
Catabolism =
Metabolism
Regulation and Homeostasis
A jackrabbit’s
ears opening
wide, vividly
showing its
blood vessels

4. HOMOESTASIS
A stable state of conditions in the

29
body that are necessary for life
Earth & Life Science | Introduction to Life
4. HOMOESTASIS
Body temperature Blood volume
pH balance water balance

Diversity and Unity
• A garden showing lush vegetation and diverse animals

5. HEREDITY
the passing on of physical or

mental characteristics
genetically from one generation
to another.

5. HEREDITY
Genes carry
hereditary
information

5. HEREDITY
Genes are
composed of
DNA

5. HEREDITY
DNA is arranged
on chromosome
s

5. HEREDITY
Different
variations of a
gene are
called alleles

5. HEREDITY
Each parent passes

one allele to the
child for each gene.

5. HEREDITY
Heredity is the
reason children
resemble their
parents

5. HEREDITY
Mutations change
DNA code & can be
passed from
generation to
generation.

Response to the environment/ Ability to respond to stimuli
A damselfly landing on a Venus flytrap, with the flytrap rapidly closing its trap

6. RESPONSIVENESS
Respond to stimuli in the external environment

6. RESPONSIVENESS
event that evokes

a specific
functional
reaction in an
organ or tissue.
6. RESPONSIVENESS
Stimuli:
o Light
o Temperature
o Odor
o Sound
o Gravity
o Heat
o Water
o Pressure
Growth and Development
A sprouting seed

7. GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT
means to get
bigger in size as
result of cell
division & cell
45
enlargement
Earth & Life Science | Introduction to Life
7. GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT
involves a change in
the physical form or
physiological
make-up of an
organism
Evolutionary adaptation/ evolution and adaptation
• A pygmy seahorse camouflaging itself with its environment

8. ADAPT THROUGH EVOLUTION
Process that enables

organisms to become
better suited to their
environment
species obtain
adaptations through
evolution over great
periods of time
➢Ex. Desert plants have succulent
waxy leaves & stems to store water &
reduce water loss

Favorable
characteristics
are selected for
and passed on
to offspring
Driven by
natural
selection or
“survival of
the fittest”

How did life started? What
are some theories and
evidences pertaining to
life?
ORIGIN OF
LIFE
a. Theory of special creation
b. Cosmozoic theory
c. Theory of spontaneous generation or ‘Abiogenesis’
d. Biogenesis Theory
e. Oparin’s Theory
f. Coacervation Theory
g. J.B.S Haldane’s Hypothesis
h. Urey-Miller hypothesis
i. Fossils (evidence of past life, significance and
important fossils)
j. Geologic time scale (emergence of life forms)
life forms
were created
by a
supernatural
being
life
originates
from
preexisting
life
idea that life
could appear
from non-
living
material
life
originates
from
preexisting
life
life arose from
living material
such as eggs
laid by flies on
the rotten
meat
supported the theory
of biogenesis;
evidence that suggest
that new bacteria
appear only when
they are produced by
existing bacteria

idea that life
could appear
from non-
living
material
life on the
broth was
caused by
spontaneous
generation
John Needham (1713–1781)
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729–1799)
life occurred
from something
that entered the
unsealed flask
and that is
responsible for
life to grow
RITCHER (1865)
HELMHOLTZ (1884)
life reached
ARRHENIUS (1908) the earth from
some heavenly
body through
meteorites
life began in a pond or ocean
as a result of the combination
of chemicals from the
atmosphere and some form
of energy to make amino
acids, the building blocks of
proteins, which would then
evolve into all the SPECIES

✓basic building blocks of life from simple molecule
which formed in the atmosphere (w/o oxygen).
✓energized by lightning and the rain from the
atmosphere created the "organic soup".
✓The first organisms is a simple heterotrophs
- in order to survive it consumes other organisms
for energy before means of photosynthesis.
Oparin believed that life developed from
coacervates, microscopic spontaneously
formed spherical aggregates of lipid
molecules that are held together by
electrostatic forces and that may have
been precursors of cells.
combined warm water with a mixture of four
gases—water vapour, methane, ammonia, and
molecular hydrogen—and pulsed the
“atmosphere” with electrical discharges.
One week later Miller and Urey found that
simple organic molecules, including amino
acids
actual
remains of
dead
organisms
millions of
years ago
an arbitrary
chronological
arrangement
or sequence of
geologic
events

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o Hereditary information from

o Hereditary information from

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o Process of breaking down

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A stable state of conditions in the

pH balance water balance

• A garden showing lush vegetation and diverse animals

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the passing on of physical or

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Each parent passes

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Respond to stimuli in the external environment

event that evokes

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Process that enables

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