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Read the following passage carefully:
1. Classical dance evolved from Tamil Nadu’s temples across centuries. The revived and reformed Bharatanatyam
keeps the art born of these ancient temples alive even to this day. Once sustained and nurtured in temples as
part of a rich and vibrant temple tradition, classical dance in South India has remained over centuries a
dynamic, living tradition that is continuously renewed.
2. Even 2000 years ago, dance in India was a highly evolved and complex art. It was an integral part of ancient
Indian theatre as established by the Natya Shastra, the oldest and exhaustive treatise on theatre and
dramaturgy. Dance dramas were performed in temple precincts. Dance movements were crystallised in stone
as karanas in temple sculpture. Following the Bhakti movement in the 6th century, dance and music became
powerful vehicles of veneration. The deity was treated like a much-loved king, praised and royally entertained
with music and dance, as part of the daily sacred rituals of worship. Gifted, highly educated temple dancers or
devadasis were supported by the temples that were richly endowed by the rulers. Some 400 temple dancers
were dedicated to and maintained by the Brihadeswarar Temple in Thanjavur. Dance evolved as a composite
art in temples as dancers, nattuvanars (dance gurus), musicians, poets, composers, architects, sculptors and
painters shared a holistic approach to all the arts.
3. The evolution of Bharatanatyam derives from the invaluable contribution of The Tanjore Quartet. The four
Pillai brothers – Chinnayya, Ponnayya, Sivanandam and Vadivelu – served as court musicians at the kingdom
of Maratha king, Serfoji II in the early 19th century. Their legacy to Bharatanatyam has been their
restructuring of the dance repertoire into the margam format and their vast and diverse music compositions
set specifically for dance. Some of their descendants like Guru Meenakshisundaram Pillai evolved the famous
Pandanallur bani (style) and trained many eminent dancers.
4. From the temples, dance made its way into the courts of kings and dancers were not just devadasis, but also
rajanartakis. By the early 17th century dance forms like sadir or chinna melam, precursors to Bharatanatyam
as we know it today had become popular in the courts of the Maratha rulers in Thanjavur. However, in the
19th century, colonial propaganda perceived such dance as vulgar and immoral. It led to the Anti-Nautch
Movement and legislation against temple dance and dancers. Divested of all patronage and temple support,
devadasis were thrown into dire straits. In the early 20th century, thanks to enlightened visionaries like EV
Krishna Iyer and later, Rukmini Devi Arundale, and the dedication of a handful of devadasis and nattuvanars,
classical dance was resuscitated and revived as bharatanatyam. Today, apart from a few cultural festivals in
some temples, dance has left the temple for the proscenium stage. ( 454 words)
• Title: Bharatnatyam
•
• 1. Evolution of CD
• 1.1 Frm TN’s Temples
• 1.2 Bntym a revived form
• 1.2.1 keeps it alive
• 1.3 CD remains a dynamic, living tradition
• 2. Dance in ancient India
• 2.1 Dance a highly evolved & complex art 2000 yrs ago
• 2.2 Integral part of Indian theatre
• 2.2.1 Natya Shastra treatise on theatre & dramaturgy
• 2.3 Dance dramas performed in tmpl precincts
• 2.4 Dance mmts Karanas in tmpl sculpture.
• 2.5 Bhakti mmt made dance and music venerable
• 2.6 Deity praised by music and dance
• 2.7 Devadasis supported by temples
• 2.7.2 Brihadeswar templ –Tanjavur supported 400 tmpl dancers
• 2.8 holistic apprch to all arts
• 3. Evolution of Bntym
• 3.1 Cotrbn of Tanjore Quartet
• 3.1.1 Court musicians of Marata King Serfoji II 19th cntry
• 3.1.2 Chinnayya, Ponnayya, Sivanandam and Vadivelu
• 3.1.3 they restructured dance to margam format
• 3.1.4 set musical compositions for dance
• 4. Dance in Kings courts
• 4.1 Rajnartakis
• 4.2 dance forms like sadir or chinna melam popular in kings court
• 5. Dance in 19th cntry
• 5.1 perceived as vulgar & immoral by British
• 5.2 Anti nautch mmnt
5.2.1 legln against tmpl dance & dancers
• 5.2.2 Devadasis thrown into difficult stn
• 6. Revival of Bntym
• 6.1 visionaries like EV Krishna Iyer and later, Rukmini Devi Arundale,
• 6.2 handful devadasis and nattuvanars,
Key to Abbreviations
•CD- Classical Dance

•Frm- from
•Bntym- Bharatnatyam
•Tmpl- temple
•Mmt- movement
•Apprch- approach
•Contr- Contribution
•leg- legislation
•stn- situation
Summary
Classical dance evolved from Tamil Nadu’s temples

across centuries. Even 2000 years ago, dance in India
was a highly evolved and complex art. The evolution
of Bharatanatyam derives from the contribution of
The Tanjore Quartet. In the 19th century, dance was
perceived as vulgar and immoral by British and led
to the Anti-Nautch Movement . By 20th century,
classical dance was resuscitated and revived as
bharatanatyam thanks to visionaries like EV Krishna
Iyer and later, Rukmini Devi Arundale.
1. It seems that there is never enough time in the day. But, since we all get the same 24 hours, why is it that
some people achieve so much more with their time than others? The answer lies in good time
management. “Time management” refers to the way that you organize and plan how long you spend on
specific activities. Good time management requires an important shift in focus from activities to results:
being busy isn’t the same as being effective. (Ironically, the opposite is often closer to the truth.)
Spending your day in a frenzy of activity often achieves less, because you’re dividing your attention
between so many different tasks. Good time management lets you work smarter – not harder – so you get
more done in less time.
2. It may seem counter-intuitive to dedicate precious time to learning about time management, instead of
using it to get on with your work, but the benefits are enormous. It improves productivity and efficiency.
Your reputation as a professional grows. The stress levels dip and the world of opportunities opens up for
you. Your career advances and important goals are reached.
3. Failing to manage your time effectively can have some very undesirable consequences. Deadlines are
missed and the work flow is not only inefficient but of poor quality. It dents your reputation as a
professional and your career is in danger of being stalled. As a result your stress level shoots up.
4. Everyday interruptions at work can be a key barrier to managing your time effectively and, ultimately,
can be a barrier to your success. Think back to your last workday, and consider for a minute the many
interruptions that occurred. There may have been phone calls, emails, hall way conversations, colleagues
stopping by your office, or anything else that unexpectedly demanded your attention and, in doing so,
distracted you from the task at-hand. Because your day only has so many hours in it, a handful of small
interruptions can rob you of the time you need to achieve your goals and be successful in your work and
life. More than this, they can break your focus, meaning that you have to spend time re-engaging with the
thought processes needed to successfully complete complex work. The key to controlling interruptions is
to know what they are and whether they are necessary, and to plan for them in your daily schedule.

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•CD- Classical Dance

Classical dance evolved from Tamil Nadu’s temples

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