National conference

on
Affordable
Housing for All
June 2, 2007
Mumbai, India
Construction as a Sector
• Construction Sector accounts for 5% of the GDP
• Gross Annual business Volume : Rs.230,000 crores
• Growth Rate : 6-8% in recent years
• Construction is the second largest employer after agriculture
• Employs about 18 million persons directly and 14 million
indirectly
• Doubled its share in total employment from 2.8% in 1983 to 5.4%
in 2003-04
• Recorded highest growth rate in employment in the last two
decades Source: Sectoral Growth Report for 11th Plan, CII

Heading towards better employment

opportunities & poverty alleviation ?
Projected Incremental Employment
in the Construction Sector (%)

Year % age
2006 – 07 8
2007 – 08 9
2008 - 09 10 Can we develop
2009 - 10 10 skilled &
2010 - 11 9
2011 - 12 8
certified
2012 - 13 8 construction
2013 - 14 6 workforce ?
Source : Construction Federation of India
 24.71
10.56
8.23

7.57

7.18
7.36

6.93
Source: National Buildings Organization

Programmes & policies

to bridge the gap ?
 Source: Registrar General of India

Are our cities and towns

equipped to handle this growth ?
 23.43

19.86 20.07 19.44

17.24
15.20
12.65 12.82
11.65
9.70
7.25 7.89
6.19
4.66
1.95

Source: Registrar General of India

How to provide
affordable houses ?
Growth of Slums

Source: Annual Report 2006-07, MoHUPA

Holistic slum development

- Challenge ahead ?
Demand for Key Building Materials
Materials 2001-06 2006-11
Residential Residential
Urban Rural Urban Rural
Cement (ton) 124.26 49.01 195.89 77.26
Steel (ton) 13.64 5.22 21.80 8.23
Timber (cu.m.) 8.40 5.87 13.24 9.26
Bricks (000’ nos) 318.29 281.60 501.76 443.92
Source: BMTPC

How we can
meet the Demand ?
Demand and Supply of Wood
(in million cu.m.)
Year 2000 2010 2020
Demand 58 95 153
Supply 29 70.55 100.7
Gap 29 24.45 52.3
% of demand gap 50 25.7 34
Source : Ministry of Environment & Forests, Personnel Management Report

Are we really into

saving of natural wood
Approximate Break-up of total Construction Cost
for different elements of building
Flooring Woodwork-doors &
6% wind.
15%
Roofing
20% Internal finishes
6%
External finishes
3%

Water supply
4%

Sanitary work
8%
Superstructure- Electrification
brickwork 5%
25%
Foundation
3%
Brickwork upto Plinth
5%

How to bring cost effectiveness?

Approximate Break-up of total Construction Cost
in Materials and Labour
Cement
18%

Iron & Steel

Labour
10%
27%

Bricks
17%
Aggregate
8% Sand Timber
7% 13%

How to substitute energy intensive materials?

How to economise on material costs?
Estimated Cost Saving on using Innovative / Cost Effective
Building Materials/Technologies
Cost-Effective Technologies In place of Conventional % of
options Saving

I. FOUNDATIONS

1. Pile foundation (under reamed) Traditional stone/bricks 15

2. Brick Arch foundations Footings 25

II. WALLING (SUPER STRUCTURE)

3. Stabilised mud blocks Burnt brick walls 20

4. FaL-G Block masonry Clay brick walls 20

5. Fly ash brick walls Clay brick walls 25

6. Rat trap bond walls English/Flemish bond 25

7. Hollow blocks walls Solid masonry 20

Estimated Cost Saving on using Innovative / Cost Effective
Building Materials/Technologies …contd.
Cost-Effective Technologies In place of Conventional % of
options Saving

III. ROOFING

8. Brick panel with joists RCC 20-25

9. L-panel sloping roofing RCC 10

10. RCC planks over RCC joists RCC 10

11. Ferrocement shell roofing RCC 40

12. Filler slab roofing RCC 22

13. RCC channel units RCC 12

14. Micro-concrete roofing tiles Clay tile roofing 20

AC sheet roofing 15
Estimated Cost Saving on using Innovative / Cost Effective
Building Materials/Technologies …contd.
Cost-Effective Technologies In place of Conventional % of
options Saving

IV. MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS

15. RCC door frames Timber Frames 30

16. Ferrocement door shutters Timber shutters (second 30

class timber)

17. RCC jallies Timber 50

windows/ventilators

18. Precast thin lintels RCC lintels 25

19. Precast sunshades Cast sunshades 30

Source: Building Materials in India: 50 Years—A Commemorative Volume, BMTPC, 1998.

 Material Primary energy requirements of
Comparative Building Materials (MJ/kg)

Energy Very high energy:

Aluminium 200-250
Requirements Plastics
Copper
50-100
100+
of Building Stainless steel 100
High energy:
Materials Steel 20-60
Lead, Zinc 25+
Glass 12-25
Cement 5-8
Plaster board 8-10
Medium energy:
Lime 3-5
Do Clay bricks and tiles
Concrete
2-7
0.8-1.5
we In Situ
Blocks
0.8-3.5
1.5-8
have Precast
Sand-lime brick
0.8-1.2
0.1-5
Timber (sawn)
energy Low energy:
efficient Sand, aggregate
Fly ash, volcanic ash
<0.5
<0.5
alternatives? Soil
Adobe
<0.5
<0.2
 Energy Intensity of Building Materials
35000
32178

30000

25000
Energy Content (MJ)

20000

15000

10000
6220 6770
4400
5000
1290 700
240 660
0
Coarse Bricks/t Lime/t Cement/t Steel/t Concrete Hollow Bricks /'000
Aggregates/t Blocks /t Concrete
Blocks /t

How do we substitute these materials?

Energy Savings in the Manufacture of Building Materials
through Use of Industrial Wastes
Building material Composition Material compared Energy
savings
(%)
Portland 75% Ordinary Portland 100% Ordinary Portland 20
pozzolana cement cement cement
Portland blast 60% Ordinary Portland 100% Ordinary Portland 30
furnace slag cement cement
cement 40% Blast furnace slag
Masonry cement 50% Ordinary Portland 100% Masonry cement 20
cement (50% Ordinary Portland
50% Tailings/waste chalk cement + 50%
limestone)
Lime-pozzolana 25% Acetylene gas lime 25% Lime 75
mixture 75% Fly ash 75% Calcined brick
Calcium silicate 90% Fly ash tailings Burnt clay brick 40
brick 10% lime (waste source)
Burnt brick 75% Clay Burnt clay brick 15
25% Fly ash
Source: Building Materials in India: 50 Years—A Commemorative Volume, BMTPC, 1998.
 Resource and Energy Saving through Use of Natural
Fibres and Agro-Wastes in Building Materials
Waste and Commercial product Traditional resource Energy
source using natural fibre fully or partly saved %
& agro-waste
1. Coir fibre Coir fibre-cement Asbestos 10
(coir industry) roofing sheet & panels

2. Rice husk Rick-husk- cement Resin (PF or UF) 20

(Rice mill) building board bonded particle
board timber

3. Ground nut Ground nut- hull- Resin-bonded 20

hulls (Oil mills) cement building board particle board timber
4. Jute fibre Jute-fibre-polymer Timber, metal 10
(Jute mills) bonded panel;
door and window
5. Cotton waste Cotton-lint-cement Gypsum, timber 25
(Textile mills) bonded board
 Resource and Energy Saving through Use of Natural
Fibres and Agro-Wastes in Building Materials
S. Waste and Commercial product Traditional resource Energy
N. source using natural fibre fully or partly saved %
& agro-waste
6. Bagasse Bagasse-polymer- Timber fibres 30
(Sugar mills) bonded boards (in insulation board)
7.Corn cobs Corn cobs-cement Timber, polymer 40
(Corn mill) bonded boards
8.Sisal fibre Sisal fibre-polymer/ Asbestos fibre, 20-15
(Sisal plant) cement bonded Timber
roofing sheet, door, window
9.Rice straw Compressed and Timber, Polymer 40
&Wheat straw paper covered
(Farms) board
10 Banana fibre Banana fibre + Timber, Traditional 25
(Banana plant) cotton pulp/paper Timber, Traditional
pulp and polymer light weight mineral
insulation boards viz. vermiculite or mica
 Environment-friendly, Energy-efficient Technologies
Walling

Fly Ash Hollow Blocks Interlocking Fly Ash Blocks

Fly Ash Bricks Different Walling Options

Are we ready to use?

 Environment-friendly, Energy-efficient Technologies
Roofing

RCC Planks & Joists Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles

Ferrocement Roofing Channels Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets

Are we ready to use?

 Environment-friendly, Energy-efficient Technologies
Others

Ferrocement Beams

Concrete door/window Frames Concrete Pavers

Are we ready to use?

Environment-friendly, Energy-efficient Technologies

Wood substitute Doors Building Materials from Agro-wastes

Jute Polymer Rubberwood

sections sections
Building Materials from Industrial wastes

Are we ready to use?

Environment-friendly, Energy-efficient Technologies

Bamboo based Doors Bamboo Mat Roofing Coir Polymer Doors

Sheet

Are we ready to use?

Houses using Cost effective Technologies

How to reach the masses?

Houses using Cost effective Technologies

How to reach the masses?

“Affordable Housing
for All”
through innovative
technologies
Thank you