Claims

CLAIM
CLAIM
A claim is an assertion,
declaration or an affirmation.
It is the position taken in
an argument.
CLAIM
THREE TYPES OF CLAIMS:
•Claim of Fact
•Claim of Value
•Claim of Policy
CLAIM OF FACT
A claim of fact asserts a piece of

information that is true or a
condition that exists or happens.
CLAIM OF FACT
Example:
There is a single mother who chose to have her child

adopted by a childless rich couple because she said that
her baby would be better off being with adoptive
parents who could provide the child what s/he needed.
CLAIM OF VALUE
Claim of Value attempts that some things

are more or less desirable than others.
It involves judgments, appraisals and
evaluations.
CLAIM OF VALUE
Example:
Single mothers who resort to adoption

only think of their children’s welfare.
CLAIM OF POLICY
A claim of policy provides a solution to the

problem.
It uses “should,” “ought to,” or “must.”
It argues for or against a certain solution or
policy approach to a problem.
CLAIM OF POLICY
Examples:
Something has to be done regarding the issue on
poverty and unemployment.
Implementing government support for qualified
single mothers would definitely help.
TYPE OF QUESTIONS
CLAIM
1. Did it happen?
FACT 2. Is it true
3. How do we know this?
1. How bad is it?
2. How moral or immoral?
3. Of what worth is it?
VALUE 4. Who says so?
5. What do these people value?
6. What values or criteria should I use to determine its goodness and
badness?
1. What should we do?
2. How should we act?
POLICY
3. How can we solve this problem?
4. What course of action should we pursue?
Exercise on Explicit/ Implicit Information
One day, a widower who will be gone for two

days to transact business in another town asked
hid beautiful daughters to help each other to take
care of their home. The eldest daughter answered
that she would if her father promise to buy her a
new dress. The second daughter answered that
she would like to heed to her father’s request but
she needed to sleep because she wasn’t able to get
a sleep the night before.
She added that if there was anybody who would

take care of their house, it would be her youngest
sister because she’s very much like their late
mother. The youngest, a beautiful but a sickly
lady responded and told her father not to worry
because she will do as her father instructed. The
father was very pleased.
When he arrived from his trip, he brought his

daughters gifts he bought from the nearby town.
Explicit
1. Father will be gone for two days.

2. He will transact business in another town.
3. He has beautiful daughters and asked them to
help each care for their house.
4. The third child is sickly.
5. The third child is very much like her mother.
Implicit
1. The eldest daughter answered that she would if her

father promise to buy her a new dress.
2. The second daughter answered that she would like
to heed to her father’s request but she needed to
sleep because she wasn’t able to get a sleep the night
before.
3. The youngest, a beautiful but a sickly lady responded
and told her father not to worry because she will do
as her father instructed. When he arrived from his
trip, he brought his daughters he bought from the
nearby town.
Implicit
4. When he arrived from his trip, he brought his

daughters gifts he bought from the nearby town.
Inference
1. The eldest daughter is someone who will do

something but expects something in return.
2. The second daughter is lazy.
3. The third daughter is the most lovable and
responsible of the three.
4. Father is very generous and loving, and expresses
equal love to all his daughters.
Exercise on Claim
Ben was an officer in the military. Everyone
admired him for his erect posture. But Ben felt
some discomfort in his back which made it
difficult for him to maintain his bearing. Seeing
a doctor, he was diagnosed to have a pinched
nerve or herniated disc. The doctor explained
that there are three treatments for his back:
back surgery, chiropractic treatment, or exercise/
massage/ postural restraining.
Decide if the sentences are claims of fact, claims of
value or claims of policy.
1. Ben was an officer in the military.
2. Everyone admired him for his erect posture.
3. He felt some discomfort at his back and he was diagnosed of
having a pinched nerve or herniated disc.
4. Constant medical monitoring of every soldier’s spine should be
done.
5. It is difficult for soldiers to maintain an erect posture all the time.
6. The government must be considerate of the condition of it’s
soldiers’ spines in the way they carry themselves.
Claims of Fact
1. Ben was an officer in the military.

2. Everyone admired him for his erect
posture.
3. He felt some discomfort at his back and
he was diagnosed of having a pinched
nerve or herniated disc.
Claim of Value
1. It is difficult for soldiers to maintain

an erect posture all the time.
Claims of Policy
1. The government must be considerate

of the condition of it’s soldiers’
spines in the way they carry
themselves.
2. Constant medical monitoring of
every soldier’s spine should be done.

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CLAIM

A claim of fact asserts a piece of

There is a single mother who chose to have her child

Claim of Value attempts that some things

Single mothers who resort to adoption

A claim of policy provides a solution to the

One day, a widower who will be gone for two

She added that if there was anybody who would

When he arrived from his trip, he brought his

1. Father will be gone for two days.

1. The eldest daughter answered that she would if her

4. When he arrived from his trip, he brought his

1. The eldest daughter is someone who will do

1. Ben was an officer in the military.

1. It is difficult for soldiers to maintain

1. The government must be considerate

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