Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 211 views

    Earth'S Materials and Processes: Marilyn P. Mifuel

    Uploaded by

    Sheyah Villanueva
    This document discusses various endogenic (internal) processes that shape the Earth's surface, including plate tectonics, volcanism, faulting, folding, and earthquakes. It explains theories like continental drift and plate tectonics, and how processes at plate boundaries like subduction and seafloor spreading have led to landform creation over geological time. Various associated features are also defined, such as rift valleys, ocean basins, and volcanic and seismic activity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Earth'S Materials and Processes: Marilyn P. Mifuel

    Uploaded by

    Sheyah Villanueva
    211 views57 pages
    This document discusses various endogenic (internal) processes that shape the Earth's surface, including plate tectonics, volcanism, faulting, folding, and earthquakes. It explains theories like continental drift and plate tectonics, and how processes at plate boundaries like subduction and seafloor spreading have led to landform creation over geological time. Various associated features are also defined, such as rift valleys, ocean basins, and volcanic and seismic activity.

    Original Description:

    Endogenic process

    Original Title

    Endogenic Process

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses various endogenic (internal) processes that shape the Earth's surface, including plate tectonics, volcanism, faulting, folding, and earthquakes. It explains theories like continental drift and plate tectonics, and how processes at plate boundaries like subduction and seafloor spreading have led to landform creation over geological time. Various associated features are also defined, such as rift valleys, ocean basins, and volcanic and seismic activity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    211 views57 pages

    Earth'S Materials and Processes: Marilyn P. Mifuel

    Uploaded by

    Sheyah Villanueva
    This document discusses various endogenic (internal) processes that shape the Earth's surface, including plate tectonics, volcanism, faulting, folding, and earthquakes. It explains theories like continental drift and plate tectonics, and how processes at plate boundaries like subduction and seafloor spreading have led to landform creation over geological time. Various associated features are also defined, such as rift valleys, ocean basins, and volcanic and seismic activity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 57

    EARTH’S MATERIALS

    AND PROCESSES

    MARILYN P. MIFUEL
    INHS-SHS
    JULY 2018
    ENDOGENIC PROCESS…
    WHAT’S THE STORY?
    ENDOGENIC PROCESSES
    • are internal processes that occur
    beneath the Earth

    • These results to the reshaping of the


    Earth’s landforms

    • include Tectonic processes (folding,


    faulting and shearing), tectonic forces
    and volcanism

    • TECTONICS – study of the processes


    that deform Earth’s crust.
    TECTONIC PROCESSES:

    THEORIES AND PLATE


    BOUNDARIES
    CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY

    • proposed by Alfred Lothar


    Wegener in 1912

    • states that a huge landmass


    called Pangaea broke up or
    drifted 220 million years ago into
    continents. It is surrounded by a
    super ocean called Panthalassa.
    EVIDENCES OF THE
    CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY

    • Fit of the continents


    • Fossils of ancient plants and animals
    • Rocks are of the same age and
    composition
    • Paleoclimatic indicators
    - glacial striation
    - coal deposits
    REASON WHY THE CONTINENTAL
    DRIFT THEORY WAS NOT
    ACCEPTED IS DUE TO ITS
    INABILITY TO EXPLAIN THE
    MECHANISM WHY THE
    CONTINENTS MOVE.
    PLATE TECTONIC THEORY
    • A theory which proposes that the
    lithosphere is made up of seven large
    plates and numerous smaller segments.
    *These plates rest upon the soft layer of
    asthenosphere. They move relative to
    each number.
    * the driving force for the plate
    movement is the convection current in
    the mantle (mantle convection) where
    warm rocks rises and cooler rocks sink.
    TECTONIC PLATES
    SUPPORTING EVIDENCES ON THE
    PLATE TECTONIC THEORY
    • Paleomagnetism – a study of
    magnetism on rocks showing the
    Earth’s magnetic field reverses polarity,
    periodically (Magnetic reversal)

    • Distribution of earthquakes

    • Seafloor spreading – oceanic crust


    move away relative to each other at
    the divergent boundaries, creating
    new crust
    PLATE BOUNDARIES

    divergent
    Convergent
    boundary
    boundaries

    Transform
    boundary
    LAND FORMATION DUE TO PLATE
    INTERACTIONS
    • Convergent plate boundary
    A. continental-continental interaction – mountains and
    mountain ranges
    B. continental-oceanic interaction – volcanic arc, trench
    C. oceanic-oceanic interaction – island arc, trench

    • Divergent plate boundary


    A. Continental- continental – rift valley
    B. Oceanic-oceanic – volcano, ridges (underwater
    mountain range)

    • Transform plate boundary


    OCEAN BASIN
    PARTS OF THE OCEAN
    BASIN
    PARTS OF THE OCEAN
    BASIN
    • Continental shelf – a relatively shallow gently
    sloping part of the continental crust that
    borders the continent.
    - average depth is depth 130 m with a
    maximum width of about 1 300 km
    - serves as a rich fishing ground and
    contains deposits of minerals, petroleum
    and gas.
    • Continental slope – next to the continental
    shelf and leads to deep water, quite deep.
    - represents the true edge of the
    continent and extends downward to a
    depth of about 4 km.
    PARTS OF THE OCEAN
    BASIN
    • Continental break – boundary between the slope and the
    shelf.
    - its significant feature is the presence of submarine
    canyons.

    • Continental rise – more gradual incline area after the


    slope.
    - links the deep ocean basin floor to the continental
    slope.

    • Ocean floor – formed at the base of the Continental


    rise.
    - about 4 000 to 6 000 m deep.
    - accounts for nearly 30% of the Earth’s surface.
    - consists of the relatively thin basaltic rock
    - many volcanoes are found here
    TECTONIC FORCES AND
    PROCESSES
    FAULTING
    • The fracturing and displacement of
    brittle rock strata along a fault plane.
    FAULT – fractures along the crust.
    - sharp break in rock with a
    slippage of the crustal block on one
    side with respect to the block on the
    other
    - has different types:
    a. Dip-slip
    b. Strike-slip
    c. Oblique-slip
    KINDS OF FAULTING
    NORMAL FAULT:
    THE CRUST IN ONE SIDE IS ELEVATED
    RELATIVE TO THE OTHER SCARP

    GRABEN: A TRENCH WITH A STRAIGHT


    PARALLEL WALL IN BETWEEN 2 NORMAL
    FAULTS

    HORST: NARROW, BLOCK ELEVATED


    BETWEEN 2 NORMAL FAULTS
    (MOUNTAIN, PLATAEU-LIKE)
    FAULTS AND FAULT LANDFORMS
    THE EAST AFRICAN RIFT VALLEY IS A GRABEN
    FAULTS AND FAULT LANDFORMS
    TRANSCURRENT OR STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS ARE PRODUCED WHEN
    TECTONIC PLATES MOVE PAST EACH OTHER HORIZONTALLY
    REVERSE AND OVERTHRUST FAULTS
    ARE PRODUCED BY COMPRESSION IN
    THE CRUST
    horst
    graben
    FOLDING
    • A process in which rocks are pushed
    towards each other from opposite sides.
    • Folds – bends in rocks caused by
    horizontal compressive stresses.
    - can be anticline or syncline
    *DOME – a circular or elliptical anticline in
    which the limbs dip away in all direction
    *BASIN – a circular or elliptical syncline in
    which the limbs dip toward the center
    FOLDS are corrugations of strata caused by
    crustal compression
    FOLDING
    IGNEOUS PROCESS

    VOLCANISM, ALSO
    SPELLED VULCANISM, ANY OF
    VARIOUS PROCESSES AND
    PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH THE
    SURFICIAL DISCHARGE OF MOLTEN
    ROCK, PYROCLASTIC FRAGMENTS,
    OR HOT WATER AND STEAM,
    INCLUDING VOLCANOES, GEYSERS
    AND FUMAROLES.
    https://www.britannica.com/science/volcani
    sm
    IGNEOUS PROCESS:
    VULCANISM AND PLUTONISM
    IGNEOUS -Rock that cools and hardens
    from molten material (magma or lava)
    Often very resistant to erosion
    Typically form uplands or mountains

    Two types: intrusive & extrusive


    Magma is molten rock below surface
    Lava is molten rock above surface
    VOLCANISM
    • Granite is a type of igneous (intrusive), that is
    very resistant to erosion and decay.
    • INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS cool slowly, so develop visible
    mineral crystals
    • Lava—igneous rock that cools and hardens
    above Earth’s surface.
    • EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS rock cools much faster and
    only has microscopic crystals
    • INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCK FORMS
    • Plutons
    • Batholiths
    • Sills
    • Dikes
    • Laccoliths
    • INTRUSIVE IR
    - GABBRO,
    DIORITE
    - GRANITE
    - PERIDOTITE

    • EXTRUSIVE IR
    - BASALT
    - OBSIDIAN
    - PUMICE
    - SCORIA
    - RHYOLITE
    VOLCANISM AND
    TECTONICS
    • VOLCANO – a landform that
    resembles a mountain but has an
    opening or vent where magma, lava,
    ash, gases and other materials are
    being released.

    • Pacific Ring of Fire – an area in the


    Circum-Pacific where most of the
    world’s active volcanoes are found.
    MAGMA AND VOLCANIC
    MATERIALS
    VULCANIC GASES MIX WITH
    ATMOSPHERE

    VULCANIC ERUPTION, EXTRUSION


    OF LAVA

    MAGMA DIFFERENTIATION,
    INTRUSION, STAGNATION,
    CRYSTALLIZATION

    MAGMA RISES

    PARTIAL MELTING,
    ORIGIN OF MAGMA
    CONDITIONS FOR
    MAGMA PRODUCTION

    1. Increased temperature due to


    friction

    2. Addition of water to the


    asthenosphere

    3. Pressure-relief melting
    MATERIALS RELEASED
    DURING ERUPTIONS
    1. Gases – aside from water vapor and carbon
    dioxide, toxic gases like carbon monoxide,
    sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide,
    hydrochloric acid are emitted.
    2. Liquids - like steam
    3. Solids – known as pyroclastics (fire-broken
    fragments)
    a. Volcanic blocks – greater then 32 mm
    b. Cinders or lapilli – between 4 to 32 mm
    c. Volcanic ash – less than 2 mm in diameter
    d. Volcanic dust – less than 0.25 mm in
    diameter
    EARTHQUAKES
    • Earthquake: a trembling
    or shaking of the ground
    produced by passing
    seismic waves
    • Most earthquakes
    produced by sudden
    slippage along faults
    • Energy builds up until
    the fault slips, releasing
    seismic waves
    • Earthquake magnitudes
    may be described on the
    Richter Scale
    • Earthquakes usually occur on plate boundaries
    •Large-magnitude earthquakes are generated
    along subduction zones
    •Transcurrent faults on transform boundaries cause
    moderate to strong earthquakes
    •Spreading plate boundaries produce moderate
    earthquakes
    •Some earthquakes occur in the centers of
    continents, away from plate boundaries
    Earthquakes Along the
    San Andreas Fault
    San Francisco
    Earthquake, 1906
    •700 lives lost
    •$30 billion damage
    •Generated by
    movement on San
    Andreas Fault
    •This portion of the
    San Andreas has not
    moved since 1906
    SEISMIC SEA WAVES
    TSUNAMI: TRAIN OF SEA WAVES TRIGGERED BY AN
    EARTHQUAKE (OR OTHER SEAFLOOR DISTURBANCE)
    TRAVELING OVER THE OCEAN SURFACE

    Banda Aceh, Indonesia, before Kalutara Beach, Sri Lanka,


    and after 2004 tsunami before and during 2004 tsunami
    SUMMARY
    • Forces of tension work horizontally, but in opposite
    directions.
    • Under the operation of intense tensional forces, the
    rock stratum gets broken or fractured which results in
    the formation of cracks and fractures in the crust.
    • The displacement of rock upward or downward
    from their original position along such a fracture is
    termed as faulting.
    • The line along which displacement of the fractured
    rock strata take place is called as the fault line.
    • Faulting results in the formation of well-known relief
    features such as Rift Valleys and Block
    Mountains. (E.g. Vindhya and Satpura Mountains)
    • A rift valley is formed by sinking of
    rock strata lying between two almost
    parallel faults. (E.g. Valley of Nile, Rift
    valley of Narmada and Tapti )
    • Rift valleys with steep parallel walls
    along the fault are called
    as Graben and the uplifted landmass
    with steep slopes on both sides are
    called as Horst.
    • The very steep slope in a continuous
    line along a fault is termed
    as Escarpment.
    CHECKPOINT:
    ENDOGENIC PROCESS
    • IDENTIFICATION
    1. The driving force for plate tectonics
    2. Phenomena associated with the discharge of
    molten rock, pyroclastic fragments, or hot
    water and steam
    3. An area in the Circum-Pacific where most of
    the world’s active volcanoes are found.
    4. Sharp break in rock with a slippage of the
    crustal block on one side with respect to the
    block on the other
    5. Bends in rocks caused by horizontal
    compressive stresses.
    6. A trench with a straight parallel wall
    in between 2 normal faults
    7. A plate interaction forming
    mountains and mountain ranges
    8. A plate interaction forming volcano
    and underwater mountain ranges
    9. (T-F). Mountains are volcanoes;
    volcanoes are mountains
    10. (T-F). Both endogenic and exogenic
    processes create landforms and
    constantly help shape and re-shape
    planet Earth
    II. Enumeration
    1-3 Areas where magma form
    4-6 conditions for magma
    production
    7-10 kinds of igneous intrusion
    SUGGESTED VIDEO

    • 1. magma formation
    • 2.magmatism and volcanism
    • 3.introduction to volcanism
    • 4. Plutonic and volcanic eruption
    • 5. origin of magma
    • What are endogenic processes?
    • 6. who melted the Earth
    DRRM PERFORMANCE TASK
    • Create a magazine, brochure, or flyer on WHAT TO DO before, during and after a
    particular catastrophe based on the following assignment:
    • Group 1- EARTHQUAKE – magnitude and intensity; with (Tsunami, Landslide)
    • Group 2 – TYPHOON- signal number and rainfall alert warning; with (Storm Surge,
    Flood- water alert level )
    • Group 3- Buhawi/ Pugada/ Ipo-ipo
    • Group 4- Thunderstorm (kilat-Dagoob)
    • Group 5- FIRE/ Sunog (sources: LPG, electrical/ electronic, petroleum, plastic, etc)
    • Details of the mags or flyer include:
    • Front- Title (with design); Group Members (Names arranged in alphabetical order)
    • Body- Introduction (related reports/ updates), Origin, What is?, WHAT TO DO? Easy TIPS,
    Hazard Prone Area in Panay, etc.
    • Back – Group Quotation related to the topic/ Punch lines, REFERENCES
    • Draft of the flyer or mags must be presented to the teacher for checking
    • Each member should have a copy of the mags or flyer
    • Each member will conduct an INFO TALK (lecture)about the topic to his/ her family
    members/community with at least 5 persons as audience. Interaction is encouraged.
    Documentation is required (videotaped as MOV).
    • Apply elements of art to make your material more presentable and appealing.
    • With Ilonggo translation as the NEED arise.

    You might also like