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    Research Paper

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    ariq khizam
    Cross-cultural management involves understanding differences in cultural values and management approaches across societies. The document discusses various frameworks for defining and analyzing culture, including those proposed by Hofstede, Trompenaars, and others. It then analyzes Indonesian culture based on these frameworks, finding that Indonesian culture is highly collective, has strong power distance, avoids uncertainty, and has a long-term orientation. Management in Indonesia has been influenced by Dutch colonial practices and more recently Western approaches, but retains distinct cultural influences and pragmatic styles.

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    Research Paper

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    ariq khizam
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    Cross-cultural management involves understanding differences in cultural values and management approaches across societies. The document discusses various frameworks for defining and analyzing culture, including those proposed by Hofstede, Trompenaars, and others. It then analyzes Indonesian culture based on these frameworks, finding that Indonesian culture is highly collective, has strong power distance, avoids uncertainty, and has a long-term orientation. Management in Indonesia has been influenced by Dutch colonial practices and more recently Western approaches, but retains distinct cultural influences and pragmatic styles.

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    Cross-cultural management involves understanding differences in cultural values and management approaches across societies. The document discusses various frameworks for defining and analyzing culture, including those proposed by Hofstede, Trompenaars, and others. It then analyzes Indonesian culture based on these frameworks, finding that Indonesian culture is highly collective, has strong power distance, avoids uncertainty, and has a long-term orientation. Management in Indonesia has been influenced by Dutch colonial practices and more recently Western approaches, but retains distinct cultural influences and pragmatic styles.

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    46 views12 pages

    Research Paper

    Uploaded by

    ariq khizam
    Cross-cultural management involves understanding differences in cultural values and management approaches across societies. The document discusses various frameworks for defining and analyzing culture, including those proposed by Hofstede, Trompenaars, and others. It then analyzes Indonesian culture based on these frameworks, finding that Indonesian culture is highly collective, has strong power distance, avoids uncertainty, and has a long-term orientation. Management in Indonesia has been influenced by Dutch colonial practices and more recently Western approaches, but retains distinct cultural influences and pragmatic styles.

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    Cross Cultural Management

    Aditya Arya P 12010117190154


    Ariq khizam S 12010117190224
    Hilya Ramadhani S M 12010117190220
    INTRODUCTION

     The word “Management” has many reflections, depends on where,when, and what the
    context is.

    According to Henry Fayol:


    -Management defined as to manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to co-
    ordinate and to control.

    According to E.B. Taylor:


    -culture is a complex whole. The whole
    includes beliefs, morals, customs, laws, art, abilities and also all the habits learned
    by humans who are part of a society.
    Culture proposed by Famous

     According to Krech & Daves


    States that culture is a pattern all arrangements both material and behavior which has
    been adopted by society as a traditional way of solving the problems of its members. Culture
    it also includes all the way has been organized, beliefs, norms, implicit cultural values as well
    as its premise basic and invite a command.

     According to Tyler
    That complex whole includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other
    capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
    Cultures in Indonesia

     Geert Hofstede defines culture as the collective programming of the mind that
    distinguishes the members of one human group from another. Meanwhile, cultural
    anthropologist Clyde Kluckholn defined culture as the collection of beliefs, values,
    behaviors, customs, and attitudes that distinguish the people of one society from another.
    The GLOBE researchers defined culture as shared motives, values, beliefs, identities, and
    interpretations or meanings of significant events that result from common experiences of
    members of collectives that are transmitted across generations. Fons Trompenaars defined
    culture as the way in which a group of people solves problems and reconciles dilemmas.
     The ‘Indonesian’ culture is also strongly influenced by various religions (Islam, Christianity,
    Buddhism, and Hinduism), by the Dutch culture (during the colonization period), and the
    Japanese culture (during the occupation in the Second World War). After the
    proclamation of the Republic of Indonesia in 1945 until today, Western culture, in
    particular the culture of the USA, has had a great impact on the life of the Indonesian
    people, especially on the life of the city population.
    Management Values in Indonesia

     No specific management science or style has developed in Indonesia. As a Dutch colony,


    the management of various enterprises lay in Dutch hands. After independence,
    however, the Indonesians took over, forced to learn through direct experience. Growth in
    industry has resulted in a demand for managers, with a parallel interest in management
    education (US oriented), which has become increasingly popular. Although greatly
    influenced by Western, especially US, management concepts and approaches,
    Indonesian CEOs and managers have, in general, a pragmatic attitude. They act and
    react based on their personal values and situational conditions.
    Hofstede’s view

     Hofstede published his book titled “Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in


    Work-Related Values”. This book was entirely devoted to the study of culture at the
    national level, in which values played a major role. He declare that there are 5 (five)
    dimensions of culture: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism-collectivism,
    masculinity-femininity, and time orientation.
    The graph above demonstrates the cultural dimensions of Indonesia
    based on Hofstede’s theory.
    a. Power Distance; Being dependent on hierarchy, unequal rights between power holders and
    non power holders, superiors in-accessible, leaders are directive, management controls and
    delegates.
    b. Individualism; Collectivism-There is a high preference for a strongly defined social framework
    in which individuals are expected to conform to the ideals of the society and the in-groups to
    which they belong.
    c. Masculinity; Low Masculinity-Status and visible symbols of success are important but it is not
    always material gain that brings motivation.
    d. Uncertainty Avoidance; People try to maintain and keep everything in a peaceful condition.
    They try to avoid uncertainties by letting go everything in the hands of God.
    e. Long Term Orientation; People believe that truth depends very much on situation, context
    and time. They show an ability to adapt traditions easily to changed conditions, a strong
    propensity to save and invest, thriftiness, and perseverance in achieving results.
    f. Indulgence; The low score of 38 in this dimension shows that Indonesia has a culture of
    Restraint. Societies with a low score in this dimension have a tendency to cynicism and
    pessimism. Also, in contrast to Indulgent societies, Restrained societies do not put much
    emphasis on leisure time and control the gratification of their desires. People with this
    orientation have the perception that their actions are Restrained by social norms and feel
    that indulging themselves is somewhat wrong.
    Trompenaars’s view

    1. Universalism vs Particularism; Particularism-Particularistic cultures see the ideal culture in


    terms of human friendship, extraordinary achievement and situations; and in intimate
    relationships.
    2. Individualism vs Collectivism; Collectivism-Place the community before the individual. It is
    the responsibility of the individual to act in ways which serve society.
    3. Specific vs Diffuse; Diffuse-in the way that people usually mix up between relationship in
    work and in private matters.
    4. Neutral vs Affective; Talking about the superficial layer, Indonesia is considered to be in the
    neutral zone. But if Indonesia as a collective community they would be an emotional country.
    Although if we see them as an individual, they tends to be neutral
    5. Achievement vs Ascription; It would be misleading to say that Indonesian people are
    ascribed with their status or title, because this will only be little the achievements of so many
    individuals who have helped built the country to be where it is right now. But, when we look
    deeper into how Indonesians people 7 value the titles of the people in the community or
    organization, it is still considered acceptable to say that Indonesia is ascribed in essence.
    6. Sequential Time vs Synchronous Time; Synchronic-People usually do more than one activity
    at a time, appointment are approximate, believe time is flexible and intangible.
    7. Internal Direction vs External Direction; Outer-directed-Focus on living in harmony with
    nature.
    Conclusion

     Value has many dimensions of definition across all social science, such as anthropology,
    sociology, political science, organizational behavior, marketing, consumer

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