SYSTEMS OF WIRING

SHRESTH
SARTHAK
VASHISHT
RAVIRAJ
SAURABH
PRAKHAR
PRABAL
WHAT IS ELECTRICAL WIRING?

• Electrical Wiring is a process of connecting cables and wires to the related

devices such as fuse, switches, sockets, lights, fans etc to the main distribution
board is a specific structure to the utility pole for continues power supply.
Methods of Electrical Wiring Systems w.r.t Taking
Connection
• Wiring (a process of connecting various accessories for distribution
of electrical energy from supplier’s meter board to home appliances such as
lamps, fans and other domestic appliances is known as Electrical Wiring) can
be done using two methods which are
• Joint box system or Tee system
• Loop – in system
JOINT BOX OR TEE OR JOINTING SYSTEM
• In this method of wiring, connections to
appliances are made through joints. These
joints are made in joint boxes by means of
suitable connectors or joints cutouts. This
method of wiring doesn’t consume too
much cables size.
• You might think because this method of
wiring doesn’t require too much cable it is
therefore cheaper. It is of course but the
money you saved from buying cables will be
used in buying joint boxes, thus equation is
balanced. This method is suitable for
temporary installations and it is cheap.
LOOP-IN OR LOOPING SYSTEM
• This method of wiring is universally used in wiring.
Lamps and other appliances are connected in
parallel so that each of the appliances can be
controlled individually. When a connection is
required at a light or switch, the feed conductor
is looped in by bringing it directly to the terminal
and then carrying it forward again to the next
point to be fed.
• The switch and light feeds are carried round the
circuit in a series of loops from one point to
another until the last on the circuit is reached. The
phase or line conductors are looped either in
switchboard or box and neutrals are looped
either in switchboard or from light or fan. Line or
phase should never be looped from light or fan.
Advantages of Loop-In Method of Wiring
• It doesn’t require joint boxes and so money is saved
• In loop – in systems, no joint is concealed beneath floors or in roof spaces.
• Fault location is made easy as the points are made only at outlets so that they
are accessible.
Disadvantages of Loop-In Method of Wiring
• Length of wire or cables required is more and voltage drop and copper losses
are therefore more
• Looping – in switches and lamp holders is usually difficult.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEM
The types of internal wiring usually used are
• Cleat wiring
• Wooden casing and capping wiring
• CTS or TRS or PVC sheath wiring
• Lead sheathed or metal sheathed wiring
• Conduit wiring
There are additional types of conduit wiring according to Pipes installation (Where steel and PVC
pipes are used for wiring connection and installation).
• Surface or open Conduit type
• Recessed or concealed or underground type Conduit
CLEAT WIRING

• This system of wiring comprise of ordinary

VIR or PVC insulated wires (occasionally,
sheathed and weather proof cable) braided
and compounded held on walls or ceilings by
means of porcelain cleats, Plastic or wood.
• Cleat wiring system is a temporary wiring
system therefore it is not suitable for domestic
premises. The use of cleat wiring system is
over nowadays.
Advantages of Cleat Wiring:

• It is simple and cheap wiring system

• Most suitable for temporary use i.e. under construction building or army camping
• As the cables and wires of cleat wiring system is in open air, Therefore fault in cables can be seen and repair easily.
• Cleat wiring system installation is easy and simple.
• Customization can be easily done in this wiring system e.g. alteration and addition.
• Inspection is easy and simple.
Disadvantages of Cleat Wiring:

• Appearance is not so good.

• Cleat wiring can’t be use for permanent use because, Sag may be occur after sometime of the usage.
• In this wiring system, the cables and wiring is in open air, therefore, oil, Steam, humidity, smoke, rain, chemical and acidic effect may damage the
cables and wires.

• it is not lasting wire system because of the weather effect , risk of fire and wear & tear.
• it can be only used on 250/440 Volts on low temperature.
• There is always a risk of fire and electric shock.
• it can’t be used in important and sensitive location and places.
• It is not lasting, reliable and sustainable wiring system.
CASING AND CAPPING WIRING
• Casing and Capping wiring system was famous
wiring system in the past but, it is considered
obsolete this days because of Conduit and
sheathed wiring system. The cables used in this
kind of wiring were either VIR or PVC or any
other approved insulated cables.
• The cables were carried through the wooden
casing enclosures. The casing is made up of a
strip of wood with parallel grooves cut length
wise so as to accommodate VIR cables. The
grooves were made to separate opposite
polarity. the capping (also made of wood) used
to cover the wires and cables installed and fitted
in the casing
• Advantages of Casing Capping Wiring:
• It is cheap wiring system as compared to sheathed and conduit wiring systems.
• It is strong and long-lasting wiring system.
• Customization can be easily done in this wiring system.
• If Phase and Neutral wire is installed in separate slots, then repairing is easy.
• Stay for long time in the field due to strong insulation of capping and casing..
• It stays safe from oil, Steam, smoke and rain.
• No risk of electric shock due to covered wires and cables in casing & capping.
• Disadvantages Casing Capping Wiring:
• There is a high risk of fire in casing & capping wiring system.
• Not suitable in the acidic, alkalies and humidity conditions
• Costly repairing and need more material.
• Material can’t be found easily in the contemporary
• White ants may damage the casing & capping of wood.
BATTEN WIRING (CTS OR TRS)
• Single core or double core or three core TRS
cables with a circular oval shape cables are
used in this kind of wiring. Mostly, single core
cables are preferred. TRS cables are chemical
proof, water proof, steam proof, but are slightly
affected by lubricating oil. The TRS cables are
run on well seasoned and straight teak wood
batten with at least a thickness of 10mm.
• The cables are held on the wooden batten by
means of tinned brass link clips (buckle clip)
already fixed on the batten with brass pins and
spaced at an interval of 10cm for horizontal
runs and 15cm for vertical runs.
Advantages of Batten Wiring
• Wiring installation is simple and easy
• cheap as compared to other electrical wiring systems
• Paraphrase is good and beautiful
• Repairing is easy
• strong and long-lasting
• Customization can be easily done in this wiring system.
• less chance of leakage current in batten wiring system
Disadvantages of Batten Wiring
• Can’t be install in the humidity, Chemical effects, open and outdoor areas.
• High risk of firs
• Not safe from external wear & tear and weather effects (because, the wires are openly visible
to heat, dust, steam and smoke.
• Heavy wires can’t be used in batten wiring system.
• Only suitable below then 250V.
• Need more cables and wires.
Lead Sheathed Wiring
• The type of wiring employs conductors that are
insulated with VIR and covered with an outer
sheath of lead aluminum alloy containing about
95% of lead. The metal sheath given protection
to cables from mechanical damage, moisture
and atmospheric corrosion.
• The whole lead covering is made electrically
continuous and is connected to earth at the point
of entry to protect against electrolytic action due
to leaking current and to provide safety in case
the sheath becomes alive. The cables are run on
wooden batten and fixed by means of link clips
just as in TRS wiring.
CONDUIT WIRING
There are two additional types of conduit wiring according to pipe installation
• Surface Conduit Wiring
• Concealed Conduit Wiring
Surface Conduit Wiring
• If conduits installed on roof or wall, It is known as surface conduit wiring. in this wiring method, they make holes
on the surface of wall on equal distances and conduit is installed then with the help of rawal plugs.
Concealed Conduit wiring
• If the conduits is hidden inside the wall slots with the help of plastering, it is called concealed conduit wiring. In
other words, the electrical wiring system inside wall, roof or floor with the help of plastic or metallic piping is
called concealed conduit wiring. obliviously, It is the most popular, beautiful, stronger and common electrical
wiring system nowadays.
• In conduit wiring, steel tubes known as conduits are installed on the surface of walls by means
of pipe hooks (surface conduit wiring) or buried in walls under plaster and VIR or PVC cables
are afterwards drawn by means of a GI wire of size if about 18SWG.
• In Conduit wiring system, The conduits should be electrically continuous and connected to earth
at some suitable points in case of steel conduit. Conduit wiring is a professional way of wiring
a building. Mostly PVC conduits are used in domestic wiring.
• The conduit protects the cables from being damaged by rodents (when rodents bites the
cables it will cause short circuit) that is why circuit breakers are in place though but hey!
Prevention is better than cure. Lead conduits are used in factories or when the building is
prone to fire accident. Trunking is more of like surface conduit wiring. It’s gaining popularity
too.
• It is done by screwing a PVC trunking pipe to a wall then passing the cables through the pipe.
The cables in conduit should not be too tight. Space factor have to be put into consideration.
Types of Conduit
• Following conduits are used in the conduit wiring systems (both concealed and surface conduit
wiring) which are shown in the above image.
• Metallic Conduit
• Non-metallic conduit
Metallic Conduit:
• Metallic conduits are made of steel which are very strong but costly as well.
• There are two types of metallic conduits.
• Class A Conduit: Low gauge conduit (Thin layer steel sheet conduit)
• Class B Conduit: High gauge conduit (Thick sheet of steel conduit)
Non-metallic Conduit:
• A solid PVC conduit is used as non-metallic conduit now a days, which is flexible and easy to bend.
Size of Conduit:
• The common conduit pipes are available in different sizes genially, 13, 16.2, 18.75, 20, 25, 37,
50, and 63 mm (diameter) or 1/2, 5/8, 3/4, 1, 1.25, 1.5, and 2 inch in diameter.
Advantage of Conduit Wiring Systems

• It is the safest wiring system (Concealed conduit wring)

• Appearance is very beautiful (in case of concealed conduit wiring)
• No risk of mechanical wear & tear and fire in case of metallic pipes.
• Customization can be easily done according to the future needs.
• Repairing and maintenance is easy.
• There is no risk of damage the cables insulation.
• it is safe from corrosion (in case of PVC conduit) and risk of fire.
• It can be used even in humidity , chemical effect and smoky areas.
• No risk of electric shock (In case of proper earthing and grounding of metallic pipes).
• It is reliable and popular wiring system.
• sustainable and long-lasting wiring system.
Disadvantages of Conduit Wiring Systems

• It is expensive wiring system (Due to PVC and Metallic pipes, Additional earthing for metallic pipes Tee(s) and elbows etc.
• Very hard to find the defects in the wiring.
• installation is not easy and simple.
• Risk of Electric shock (In case of metallic pipes without proper earthing system)
• Very complicated to manage additional connection in the future.