Biotechnology has a long history dating back thousands of years when early applications included using yeast to make beer and moldy curds as antibiotics. In the 1800s-early 1900s, significant advances in understanding microorganisms were made including the discoveries of cells, bacteria, and genes. The modern biotechnology era began in the 1950s with discoveries of DNA structure and genetic code. Since then, applications have grown to include producing human insulin through genetically engineered bacteria, cloning animals, developing genetically engineered crops, and sequencing the human genome. Biotechnology continues to advance with applications such as gene therapy and stem cell research.
Biotechnology has a long history dating back thousands of years when early applications included using yeast to make beer and moldy curds as antibiotics. In the 1800s-early 1900s, significant advances in understanding microorganisms were made including the discoveries of cells, bacteria, and genes. The modern biotechnology era began in the 1950s with discoveries of DNA structure and genetic code. Since then, applications have grown to include producing human insulin through genetically engineered bacteria, cloning animals, developing genetically engineered crops, and sequencing the human genome. Biotechnology continues to advance with applications such as gene therapy and stem cell research.
Biotechnology has a long history dating back thousands of years when early applications included using yeast to make beer and moldy curds as antibiotics. In the 1800s-early 1900s, significant advances in understanding microorganisms were made including the discoveries of cells, bacteria, and genes. The modern biotechnology era began in the 1950s with discoveries of DNA structure and genetic code. Since then, applications have grown to include producing human insulin through genetically engineered bacteria, cloning animals, developing genetically engineered crops, and sequencing the human genome. Biotechnology continues to advance with applications such as gene therapy and stem cell research.
Biotechnology has a long history dating back thousands of years when early applications included using yeast to make beer and moldy curds as antibiotics. In the 1800s-early 1900s, significant advances in understanding microorganisms were made including the discoveries of cells, bacteria, and genes. The modern biotechnology era began in the 1950s with discoveries of DNA structure and genetic code. Since then, applications have grown to include producing human insulin through genetically engineered bacteria, cloning animals, developing genetically engineered crops, and sequencing the human genome. Biotechnology continues to advance with applications such as gene therapy and stem cell research.
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History of Biotechnology
Unit 9: Microbiology GENERAL TIMELINE
• Pre- 1800: Early applications and speculati
on • 1800-1900: Significant advances in basic u nderstanding • 1900-1953: Genetics • 1953- 1976: DNA research, science explod es • 1977- present: modern biotechnology What is Biotechnology?
• Biotechnology: the branch of molecular
biology that studies the use of microorganisms to perform specific industrial processes; "biotechnology produced genetically altered bacteria that solved the problem" • The term "biotechnology" was coine d in 1919 by Karl Ereky, Hungarian engineer • Traditional biotechnology has been u sed for thousands of years to produc e improved food and health care pro ducts. Today, modern biotechnology enables us to develop improved prod ucts more safely and more rapidly th an ever before. BIOTECHNOLOGY FIELDS OF APPLICATION Biotechnology in B.C • 6000 BC • Yeast was used to make beer b y Sumerians and Babylonians. • 4000 BC • The Egyptians discovered how to bake leavened bread using yea st. Biotechnology in B.C.
• 500 BC: The Chinese use moldy curds as
an antibiotic to treat boils
• 250 BC: The Greeks practice crop rotation
to increase soil fertility
• 100 BC: Chinese use powdered
chrysanthemum as an insecticide Boils and Curds chrysanthemum Pre-20th Century Biotechnology • 1590: Zacharias Janssen invents the microscope
• 1663: Robert Hooke discovers cells
• 1675: Anton Van Leeuwenhoek discovers
bacteria and protozoa
• 1797: Edward Jenner inoculates a child with a
viral vaccine to protect him from smallpox
• 1802: 1st time the term “biology” is used
Zacharias Janssen Robert Hooke Anton van Leeuwenhoek Edward Jenner-Father of Immunology Pre-20th Century Biotechnology
• 1830: Proteins, the building blocks of cells, are
discovered • 1833: The nucleus of the cell is discovered • 1855: The E. coli bacterium is discovered • 1855: Louis Pasteur works with yeast, eventually proving they are living organisms • 1863: Mendel discovers genes while working with peas. He lays the groundwork for genetics. Proteins E. Coli Louis Pasteur Gregor Mendel Pre-20th Century Biotechnology
• 1879: Walther Flemming discovers
chromatins
• 1883: The rabies vaccine is developed
• 1888: Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von
Waldeyer-Hartz discovers the chromosome Walter Flemming on chromatins Rabies Vaccine Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz Biotechnology In The First Part Of The 20th Century • 1902: The term "immunology" first used by Peyton Rous • 1906: The term "genetics" is used by William Bateson • 1915: Bacterial viruses, called phages, are discovered • 1919: "biotechnology" is first used by Karl Ereky • 1927: Herman Joseph Muller discovers that X-rays cause mutation • 1928: Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin • 1938: The term "molecular biology" is used by Warren Weaver • 1941: The term "genetic engineering" is first used by Jack Williamson Peyton Rous-”immunology William Bateson-”genetics” Bacteriophage Herman Joseph Muller- X-ray Mutation Alexander Fleming-penicillin Warren Weaver-”molecular biology” Jack Williamson-”genetic engineering” Biotechnology In The First Part Of The 20th Century • 1942: The electron microscope is used and characterizes viruses that infect bacteria, called bacteriophages • 1944: DNA is shown to be the building block of the gene • 1949: Pauling proves that sickle cell anemia is a "molecular disease" caused by a mutation Electron microscope Linus Pauling Sickle-cell anemia patients Biotechnology in the 1950s and 1960s • 1953: Watson and Crick understand the structure of DNA • 1954: Cell-culturing techniques are first used • 1955: An enzyme involved in the production of a nucleic acid is isolated • 1956: The fermentation process is perfected • 1960: Messenger RNA is discovered • 1961: The genetic code is understood James Watson and Francis Crick Biotechnology in the 1970s
• 1972: The DNA composition of humans is shown
to be 99% similar to that of chimps and gorillas • 1977: Genetically-engineered bacteria are used to make human growth protein • 1978: North Carolina scientists, Hutchinson and Edgell, prove it is possible to introduce specific mutations at specific sites in a DNA molecule • 1979: The first monoclonal antibodies are synthesized Biotechnology in the 1980s • 1980: The U.S. Supreme Court approves the patenting of genetically-engineered life forms • 1980: The U.S. patent for gene cloning is awarded to Boyer and Cohen. • 1981: The North Carolina Biotechnology Center is created—the 1st state-sponsored research center for biotechnology • 1981: The first genetically-engineered plant is reported • 1981: 1st mice to be successfully cloned • 1982: Humulin, human insulin drug, produced by genetically-engineered bacteria (first biotech drug approved by the FDA) Biotechnology in the 1980s • 1983: The first artificial chromosome is made • 1983: The first genetic markers for specific inherited diseases are found • 1984: The DNA fingerprinting technique is developed. • 1984: The first genetically-engineered vaccine is developed. 1986: The first biotech-derived interferon drugs for the treatment of cancer are synthesized • 1988: Congress funds the Human Genome Project • 1989: Microorganisms are used to clean up the Exxon Valdez oil spill DNA fingerprinting Biotechnology in the 1990s
• 1990: The first federally-approved gene therapy
treatment is performed successfully • 1992: The structure of HIV RT is elucidated • 1993:The FDA declares that genetically engineered foods are "not inherently dangerous" • 1994: The first breast cancer gene is discovered • 1996: Scientists clone identical lambs from early embryonic sheep Biotechnology in the 1990s • 1998: Scientists clone three generations of mice from nuclei of adult ovarian cells • 1998: Embryonic stem cells are used to regenerate tissue and create disorders that mimic diseases • 1998: The Biotechnology Institute is founded by BIO as an independent, national, 501(c)(3) education organization • 1999: The genetic code of the human chromosome is deciphered Biotechnology 2000 and Beyond • 2000: A rough draft of the human genome is completed • 2000: Pigs are the next animal cloned by researchers to help produce organs for human transplant • 2001: The sequence of the human genome is published in Science and Nature • 2002: Scientists complete the sequence of the pathogen of rice, a fungus that ruins enough rice to feed 60 million people annually • 2003: Dolly, the cloned sheep from 1996, is euthanized Dolly, Bonny and 6 lambs Resources