Unit 2: Lesson 1 & 2

Ron Christian Dominic C. Osiones

LESSON 1: SOCIETY
 SOCIETY
•A society is a group of people
interacting with each other and
having a common culture; sharing
common geographical or territorial
domains, and having relatively
common aspirations.
THEORIES ON HUMAN SOCIETY
•In the beginning of human
civilization, early philosophers have
already dealt with society, looking
into its structure in the attempt to
solve its variety of problems that
emerge every time
Republic; Plato (427-347 BC)
 Republic; Plato (427-347 BC)
• laid his standards for an ideal
society ruled by philosopher-
kings assisted by equally and
intellectually gifted ―guardians
Politics; Aristotle (384-322 BC)
Politics; Aristotle (384-322 BC)
•stated that man is self-sufficient
and that those who are unable
to live in society and have no
needs in life must be either
―beasts or ―gods.
City of God St. Augustine (354-430
AD)
 City of God St. Augustine (354-430
AD)
• he described society‘s ultimate
pilgrimage towards the kingdom of
God which is closely identified with
the church, the community that
worshipped God.
Utopia, (1516), Sir Thomas More
(1468-1535)
 Utopia, (1516), Sir Thomas More
(1468-1535)
•coined the word "utopia" that
refers to the ideal, imaginary
island nation whose political
system he described.
 TYPES OF SOCIETIES
• Different societies are categorized according to
methods of subsistence, the ways by which
humans apply technology to meet their own
needs. Anthropologists, on the other hand, have
classified different societies throughout human
history according to the degree to which
different groups within a society have access to
resources, prestige, or power
A. PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
1. HUNTING AND GATHERING
SOCIETY
1. HUNTING AND GATHERING
SOCIETY
 1. HUNTING AND GATHERING
SOCIETY
• In these societies, the main method of food production is the
collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals on a
daily basis.
• . They do not establish permanent villages nor have a variety
of artifacts. They usually form small groups such as bands
and tribes
• some hunting and gathering societies in areas where
resources abound lived in larger groups and formed complex
hierarchical social structures such as chiefdoms
 1. HUNTING AND GATHERING
SOCIETY
• Due to the necessity for constant mobility
these societies are of limited sizes. These
societies generally consist of 60-100 people.
Social statuses within the tribe are relatively
equal, and decisions are reached through
general consensus.
 1. HUNTING AND GATHERING
SOCIETY
• Leadership in tribal societies is personal
and based on charisma used only for
special purposes.
2. PASTORAL SOCIETY
 2. PASTORAL SOCIETY
• the members of a pastoral society depend
on domesticated herd of animals to meet
their need for food. The pastoralists move
their herds from one pasture to another.
• Since their food supply is far more reliable,
pastoral societies can now support larger
populations
3. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
 3. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
• They have learned how to raise fruits and
vegetables grown in garden plots that have
provided them their main source of food
•Some horticultural groups practice the
slash-and-burn method or the kaingin
system to raise crops
 3. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
• Wild vegetation is cleared, cut and burned, and
then the ashes are used as fertilizers.
Horticulturists make use of human labor and
simple tools to cultivate the land for one or more
seasons. When the land becomes arid and
unproductive, horticulturists clear a new plot
and leave the old plot to revert to its natural
state.
4. AGRARIAN SOCIETY
 4. AGRARIAN SOCIETY
• Sociologists use the phrase agricultural revolution to
describe these period about 8,500 years ago.
• characterize this period to the technological changes
that occurred leading to extensive cultivation of crops
and raising of farm animals.
• Increases in food supplies translated to larger
populations comparatively bigger than previous
societies
 4. AGRARIAN SOCIETY
• The greater surplus resulted in the emergence of
towns that became centers of trade
• These societies made the tasks of rulers, educators,
craftspeople, merchants, and religious leaders less
demanding that they did not have to worry about
viable sources of food and economic sustenance.
Consequently, greater degrees of social stratification
appeared in these agrarian societies.
5. FEUDAL SOCIETY
 5. FEUDAL SOCIETY
• several groups become wealthy and able to acquire
lands and declared these as their own domain.
• ownership of land
• Vassals then under feudalism were bound to
cultivating their feudal master's land. In exchange for
military protection, the feudal masters exploited the
peasants into providing food, crops, crafts, homage,
and other services to the landowners
 5. FEUDAL SOCIETY
•The estates of the realm system of
feudalism were often multi-generational
which means that the families of peasants
may have cultivated their lord's land for
generations
B. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
 B. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
• A new economic system emerged between the
15th and 16th centuries began to replace
feudalism.
• “Capitalism”
• characterized by free competition, free market
and the right to acquire private property,
emerged
 B. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
•The introduction of foreign metals, silk, and
spices in the market stimulated greater
commercial activity in European societies
•Industrial societies which rely heavily on
machines powered by fuels in the
production of goods became dramatically
increased and efficient.
C. POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
C. POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
C. POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
• More advanced societies, called post-industrial
societies, dominated by information, services,
and high technology, surfaced.
• These hallmarks of these societies were beyond
the production of goods.
• Advanced industrial societies are shifting toward
an increase in service sectors
C. POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
• government, research, education,
health, sales, law, and banking and
in almost all sectors of society.
D. MODERN SOCIETIES
 D. MODERN SOCIETIES
•Our highly industrialized modern society is
characterized by mass production of all
essential products
•Products are sold in markets in large
quantities
• buy items they cannot personally produce
to live.
 D. MODERN SOCIETIES
• With the use of a new commodity-money- as a medium
of exchange, trade and commerce have become more
efficient
• BANKS, serves not only as a safe repository for saved
money, but also as a source of unearned money. The
modern worker soon discovered that banks would
enable them to spend money that they had not yet
earned and to take out long-term loans to make major
purchases.
LESSON 2: CULTURE
 CULTURE
•is "that complex whole which
includes knowledge, beliefs, arts,
morals, laws, customs and any
other capabilities and habits
acquired by man as a member of
society." (Edward B. Tylor)
 CULTURE
•hat culture is "the way of life,
especially the general customs and
beliefs, of a particular group of
people at a particular time.“-
Cambridge English Dictionary
CULTURE
 CULTURE
•refers to all that man has made for
himself through time, material or
nonmaterial, still useful or not
anymore, all to provide benefits for
his society.
 CULTURE
•Even though culture is all about
man, it has nothing to do with his
biological characteristics or his
natural instincts
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
1. Culture is learned.
 1. Culture is learned.
•The different habits, skills, values and
knowledge are acquired or learned in the
course of a person‘s life. This is what we call
enculturation, the acquisition of knowledge,
skills, attitudes, and values that enable men
to become active members of their
communities.
2. Culture is transmitted.
 2. Culture is transmitted.
• Culture within a social group is transmitted to
succeeding generations through imitation,
instruction and example. Cultural transmission is
the process through which cultural elements, in
the form of attitudes, values, beliefs, and
behavioral scripts, are passed onto and taught to
individuals and groups
3. Culture is adaptive.
 3. Culture is adaptive.
• All culture change. Changes in the environment are
caused by inventions and discoveries. Man is capable
of adjusting to his environment. Adaptation is the
process of change in response to a new environment.
It is one component of acculturation, which relates to
the change in a group‘s culture or the change in
individual psychology in response to a new
environment or other factors.
4. Culture is gratifying.
 4. Culture is gratifying.
•Culture provides satisfaction for man‘s
biological and socio-cultural needs, foods,
clothing, and shelter and for various
relationships with other individuals and
groups. Culture provides proper
opportunities for the satisfaction of our
needs and desires.
5. Culture is symbolic.
 5. Culture is symbolic.
• Through culture man can communicate with other
people using language. Symbols must be understood
by all to be an effective tool of communication; to
allow people to develop complex thoughts and to
exchange those thoughts with others. Language and
other forms of symbolic communication, like art,
enable people to create, explain, and record new
ideas and information.
MAIN TYPES OF CULTURE
A. Material Culture
A. Material Culture
 A. Material Culture
•deals with the physical culture, including
contemporary technology, artifacts, relics,
fossils, and other tangible remains of
cultural development, past and present.
Material culture refers to the tangible and
concrete objects produced by man in the
process of social development
B. Non-Material Culture
 B. Non-Material culture
•deals with the intangibles including
values, norms, beliefs, traditions, and
customs that collectively hold a society
and shape individuals as they interact
within society
ELEMENTS OF NON-MATERIAL
CULTURE
1. Beliefs
1. Beliefs
•are man‘s perception about the reality of
things and are shared ideas about how the
world and his environment operate. They
are reflective of highly valued feelings about
the world in which they live. Beliefs are
influenced by emotions, attitudes, values,
ideology, and religion.
2. Values
2. Values
•refer to the broad preferences of person on
the appropriate courses of action or
decisions he has to take.
•Values are a reflection of a person‘s sense of
right and wrong. A person‘s values
sociologically influence his attitudes and
behavior
3. Norms
3. Norms
•are society‘s standard of morality,
conduct, propriety, ethics, and legality.
Norms vary according to age, gender,
religion, politics, economics, ethnicity, or
race of the group
4. Folkways
4. Folkways
•are fairly weak forms of norms, whose
violation is generally not considered
serious within a particular culture. They
are the habits, customs, and repetitive
patterns of behavior.
5. Ideas
5. Ideas
•comprise man‘s concepts of his
physical, social and cultural world as
manifested in people‘s beliefs and
values.
6.Knowledge
6.Knowledge
• can be natural, supernatural,
magical or technical. These are the
body of facts and beliefs that
people accumulate over time.
PERSPECTIVES/APPROACHES IN THE STUDY
OF CULTURE AND SOCIETY
Symbolic Interactionism
 Symbolic Interactionism
•is a theoretical perspective that examines
the way participants in the socialization
choose and agree on the meaning of
symbols. This perspective holds that
humans are symbol-manipulating and are
capable of creative behavior.
Functionalism
 Functionalism
•on the other hand, presupposes that every
aspect of society is interdependent and
contributes to the total functioning of
society. To the government, the school and
the family are significant social institutions
which proper functioning would make life in
the society meaningful and productive.
Conflict
 Conflict
•is another theoretical perspective, which
originated primarily out of Karl Marx's
writings on class struggles, presents
society in a different light than do the
functionalist and symbolic interactionist
perspectives.
Dramaturgical perspective
 Dramaturgical perspective
•is an interactionist perspective that
analyzes human behavior in much
the same way that a person would
analyze the presentation of a play
to the audience.
Ethnomethodology
 Ethnomethodology
•is a socio-cultural perspective which
emphasizes the process of interaction
that uses interpersonal techniques to
create situational impressions and the
importance of perceptions of consensus
among people.
 Credits:
• Images were all extracted thru the help of www.google.com we don’t
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