Menorrhagia (Heavy Menstrual Bleeding)
Menorrhagia (Heavy Menstrual Bleeding)
Menorrhagia (Heavy Menstrual Bleeding)
bleeding)
DEFINITION
TERMS DEFINITION
Menorrhagia a complaint of heavy cyclical menstrual blood loss over several
consecutive menstrual cycles in a woman of reproductive years, or
more objectively, a total menstrual blood loss of more than 80 ml
per menstruation. (MOH,2004)
Primary Secondary
-Systemic diseases
PCOS
CONDITION HISTORY PHYSICAL inv
EXAMINATION
(General,
abdominal, pelvic)
Endometrial •Age: rare <20, peaks at 5th decade, • endometrial • Inv: TVUS
polyps decrease post menopausal polyps that /Transvaginal sono
protrude through hysterography/
•Bleeding patern: excessive, the cervix on VE hysteroscopy
metrorrhagia,post coital,post- •Biopsy+/- D&C
menopausal • enlarged uterus
Endometrial •Age: >40/post •uterus will be enlarged or softened and ONLY IF GOT RISK
carcinoma menopausal masses may be detected FACTORS!!!
•Pelvic examination: cervix may be •TVS/TAS
•If ET >12
10% of women with involved with cancer (Stage II), and the Endometrial biopsy/
postmenopausal vagina (Stage III) D&C
bleeding will be • rectal examination
diagnosed with •Enlarged lymph nodes in the neck and RF:
•Age >40
endometrial cancer and groin.
•Obese
an equal number with •Enlarged liver, abdominal mass or •Nulliparous
hyperplasia excessive abdominal fluid (ascites). •Hormone
•Vaginal discharge (thin/clear) therapy (HRT)
•Bleeding pattern: •Diabetes
excessive, postcoital, •stigmata of chronic •Family history
Intermenstrual bleed anovulation(hirsutism,acne,
acanthosis,obesity,wt>90kg)
•Ass. Symp :pelvic pain
Endometrial Age: stigmata of chronic anovulation ONLY IF GOT RISK
hyperplasia post/perimenopausal> (hirsutism,acne,acanthosis,obesity,wt>90 FACTORS!!!
Rf:unopposed estrogen kg) •TVS/TAS
•If ET >12
Endometrial biopsy/
Bleeding pattern: D&C
menometrorrhagia,
Ass.symptoms:
-symptomatic anemia
-Infertilitymood swings,
Hot flushes,dyspareunia
• Systemic diseases and disorders:
CONDITION ASSESTMENT TESTS
Hx: Menorrhagia since menarche •Routine screening for coagulation
Coagulation Family history of bleeding disorders defects should be reserved for young
disorders patient who has heavy flow with the
onset of menstruation
Personal history of 1 or more of the following:
•Coagulation screen
-Notable bruising without known injury
-Bleeding of oral cavity or gastrointestinal tract •rule out von Willebrand disease; ITP;
without obvious lesion and factor II, V, VII, or IX deficiency.
-Epistaxis greater than 10 minutes duration
(possibly necessitating packing or cautery)
Anticoagulant treatment
Chemotherapy
disrupt the normal menstrual cycle, which is
restored easily upon cessation of the products
Uterine fibroids
Tx:
Asymptomatic(- tx)
•medical hormonal/non-hormonal
-non-hormonal: transnemic acid/NSAID (during menstruation)
-hormonal : OCP, progestogens, androgens, levonogestral releasing IUD,
GnRH,GnRH and hormonal add-back
•Surgical: myomectomy (hysteroscopic ,laparoscopic, tans abd
resection,)hysterectomy, uterine artery embolization, MRI-guided focused US
endometriosis Tx:
Medical: hormonal
Surgical: Excision, endometrial ablation ,TAHBSO
adenomyosis •tx:
-medical
-surgical
hysterectomy(without oophorectomy),UAE ,endometrial ablation,
Pelvic
inflammatory tx:
disease -medical: broad spectrum AB, clindamycin and gentamicin administered
intravenously every 8 hours
Endometrial Medical
hyperplasia Simple endometrial hyperplasia without atypia responds to high-dose
progestogens, with repeat histology after three months (IUD)
Surgical
Endometrial ablation or transcervical resection of the endometrium
Hysterectomy - usually advised for atypical endometrial hyperplasia
Coagulation Vitamin k/FFP/coagulation factors/desmopressin
disorders
Pregnancy
exclude
Mx
accordingly
iatrogenic Normal
Symptoms/signs of Low risk
hypothyroid group (most
likely DUB)
Mx
accordingly
treat
TFT hypothyroidism
hormonal
therapy
HIGH RISK GROUP Pelvic pain
Secondary dysmenorrhea
Symptoms suggests
underlying pathology Risk factors
Age > 40 Tamoxifen
Irregular/intermenstrual/ Unopped estrogen
postcoital bleeding PCOS ( Hirsutism)
Sudden change in bleeding obesity
pattern
Dyspareunia
-Levonogestrel
Evaluate intrauterine hormonal therapy
in 6 device
months
-Norethisterone
no ovulatory
Evaluate Oral
in 3 contraceptive yes Need contraception
months pill
No
improvement
treatment Treatment Successful
failure
Continue
improve
management
Further assestment
Continue medical
hysteroscopy and
therapy
biopsy
CASE STUDY
• A 14-year-old girl was referred for assessment
of heavy menses. Menses commenced at the
age of 12 years and were unremarkable until
the past six months when she noticed an
increased amount and duration of bleeding.
The menses were regular but had increased
from four to seven days of bleeding and she
was now using up to 10 pads/day for the first
three days. She denied any sexual activity.
• Review of systems was positive for fatigue but negative
for change in weight, cold intolerance, shortness of
breath, easy bruising or prolonged bleeding
Elevated PL level PL> 800 mU/L on 2 occasion – MRI pituitary and treat with
hyperprolactinemia dopamine agonist –
bromocriptine