This document discusses research as a scientific method. It outlines the key characteristics of science and research, including purposiveness, rigor, testability, replicability, precision, objectivity, generalizability and parsimony. The core steps of the scientific process and research are also presented, including identifying a problem, developing a theoretical framework, defining objectives, generating hypotheses, constructing tools, collecting and analyzing data, and reaching conclusions. The document concludes that research is considered a science because the characteristics and processes of research mirror those of the scientific method.
This document discusses research as a scientific method. It outlines the key characteristics of science and research, including purposiveness, rigor, testability, replicability, precision, objectivity, generalizability and parsimony. The core steps of the scientific process and research are also presented, including identifying a problem, developing a theoretical framework, defining objectives, generating hypotheses, constructing tools, collecting and analyzing data, and reaching conclusions. The document concludes that research is considered a science because the characteristics and processes of research mirror those of the scientific method.
This document discusses research as a scientific method. It outlines the key characteristics of science and research, including purposiveness, rigor, testability, replicability, precision, objectivity, generalizability and parsimony. The core steps of the scientific process and research are also presented, including identifying a problem, developing a theoretical framework, defining objectives, generating hypotheses, constructing tools, collecting and analyzing data, and reaching conclusions. The document concludes that research is considered a science because the characteristics and processes of research mirror those of the scientific method.
This document discusses research as a scientific method. It outlines the key characteristics of science and research, including purposiveness, rigor, testability, replicability, precision, objectivity, generalizability and parsimony. The core steps of the scientific process and research are also presented, including identifying a problem, developing a theoretical framework, defining objectives, generating hypotheses, constructing tools, collecting and analyzing data, and reaching conclusions. The document concludes that research is considered a science because the characteristics and processes of research mirror those of the scientific method.
• Identification of a Problem • Theoretical framework • Defining Objectives • Hypotheses • Tool construction • Data collection • Data analysis • Conclusion --- Generalization
4 Research – Scientific Process We may conclude that ---
• The characteristics of Science & Research
are same. • The steps of a scientific process & those of a research process are same.
Hence we call Research a Science and
Research Process as a Scientific Process.
5 What is a Good Research ?
• Purpose clearly defined
• Research process detailed • Research design thoroughly planned • High ethical standards applied • Limitations frankly revealed • Adequate analysis done • Findings presented unambiguously • Conclusions justified • Researcher’s experience reflected
universal relationships which are organized in the form of Laws, Theories (Derivation of theory)
Deductive ----- From Laws & Rules to
facts ( Application of rules to specific situations)
8 Induction • Induction: A process of reasoning (arguing) which infers a general conclusion based on individual cases, examples, specific bits of evidence, and other specific types of premises.
• Example: In Chicago last month, a nine-year-old boy died
of an asthma attack while waiting for emergency aid. After their ambulance was pelted by rocks in an earlier incident, city paramedics wouldn’t risk entering the Dearborn Homes Project (where the boy lived) without a police escort.
• Thus, based on this example, one could inductively reason
that the nine- year-old boy died as a result of having to wait for emergency treatment.
9 Deduction • Deduction: A process of reasoning that starts with a general truth, applies that truth to a specific case (resulting in a second piece of evidence), and from those two pieces of evidence (premises), draws a specific conclusion about the specific case.
• Example: Free access to public education is a key factor in the
success of industrialized nations like the United States. (major premise)
• India is working to become a successful, industrialized nation.
(specific case) • Therefore, India should provide free access to public education for its citizens. (conclusion)
• Thus, deduction is an argument in which the conclusion is said to
follow necessarily from the premise. 10 Deduction v/s Induction
