Review Time: Management of

Learning

Talkie Time: Research worth Sharing

Lesson 3, Objectives : The learner

1. differentiates the general classifications of research

based on purpose
2. describes characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and
kinds of qualitative research
3. illustrates the importance of qualitative research across
fields
 TYPES OF RESEARCHES

ACCORDING TO OBJECTIVES:

1. PURE VS. APPLIED RESEARCH

2. EXPLORATORY VS. EXPLANATORY

3. QUANTITATIVE VS. QUALITATIVE

QUIZ: Identify the types of research as to PURPOSE (pure or
applied, quantitative or qualitative, exploratory or explanatory)

1. Effectiveness of Weight Loss Program among Obese School

Heads
2. Applicability of the federal Form of Government in the
Philippines
3. Multimedia utilization in teaching Science
4. I.Q in relation to National Achievement Test Result
5. Women's’ Aggression Behind bars
6. Manobo’s cultural practices in child rearing
7. Factors affecting Drop out rates
8. Inhibitory effects of bamboo roots to species of dysenteric
bacilli
9. Confluence of Rizal’s work to Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables
10. Remedial Class Program among Slow learners.
 Qualitative research...
• Commonly called “interpretive research”

…its methods rely heavily on “thick”

verbal descriptions of a particular
context being studied
Generally speaking, qualitative
researchers….
…spend a great deal of time in the
settings being studied (fieldwork)
…rely on themselves as the main
instrument of data collection
(subjectivity; intersubjectivity)
…analyze data using interpretative lenses
 The general characteristics of
qualitative research...

 Data sources are real-world situations

 Data are descriptive

 Emphasizes a holistic approach

(processes and outcomes)

 Data analysis is inductive

 Describes the meaning(s) of research

finding(s) from the perspective of the

research participants
Uses inductive reasoning…
…involves developing generalizations
from a limited number of specific
observations or experiences
…highly dependent on the number and
representativeness of the specific
observations used to make the
generalization
What are the Strengths/ advantages of qualitative?

1. One advantage of qualitative methods in exploratory research is

that use
of open-ended questions and
probing gives participants the opportunity to respond in their
own words, rather than forcing them to choose from fixed
responses, as quantitative methods do. Open-ended questions
have the ability to evoke responses that are:

• meaningful and culturally salient to the participant

• unanticipated by the researcher
• rich and explanatory in nature
2. Another strength/ advantage of qualitative methods
is that they allow
the researcher the
flexibility to probe initial participant
responses – that is, to ask why or how.
3. Exploratory Advantage. The
researcher can get an in-depth
responses to make the study
substantial
• Weakness/Issues in qualitative
research...
a. gaining entry
b. contacting potential research
participants
c. selecting participants
d. enhancing validity and reducing
bias
e. leaving the field
 a. gaining entry...

 access is very much dependent upon

the researcher’s personal characteristics
and how others perceive the researcher
 may require considerable negotiation
and compromise with a gatekeeper
 trust is earned, not given
 b. contacting participants...

 gaining access
 dealing with gatekeeper(s)
 issues of building trust and
ensuring confidentiality and
anonymity
 c. selecting participants...
 is fraught with difficulties in
identifying and selecting an
appropriate number of participants
who can provide useful information
about the particular topic and setting
being studied
 d. The threats to validity in
qualitative studies...

observer bias…

…invalid information resulting from the

perspective the researcher brings to
the study and imposes upon it
 e. leaving the field…
The question is when and how to
exit
…the bonds formed with study
participants complicate leaving
the setting
…time constraints
…when the amount of accessible
data is sufficient
 Types of Qualitative Researches:
Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry

• 1. Biography--Life history, oral

history
• 2. Phenomenology--The lived
experience
• 3. Grounded theory
• 4. Ethnography
• 5. Case Study
Spring 2006 Qualitative Research--Simpson 19
 1. Biographical Study

– The study of an individual and her or his

experiences as told to the researcher or
found in documents and archival material.

– Life history--The study of an individual’s life

and how it reflects cultural themes of the
society.

Spring 2006 Qualitative Research--Simpson 20

 Biographical Study cont.

– Oral history--The researcher gathers

personal recollections of events, their causes,
and their effects from and individual or
several individuals.

– The researcher needs to collect extensive

information about the subject of the
biography

Spring 2006 Qualitative Research--Simpson 21

Titles

1. Student Life of Jose Rizal: A

Documentary
2. The comparative analysis of
19th Century scientists: Common
and Contrast
3. Who is Lapu-Lapu?: A closer
look to a brave hero
 2. Phenomenology

– Describes the meaning of the lived

experience about a concept or a phenomenon
for several individuals.

– It has roots in the philosophical perspectives

of Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, Merleau-
Ponty, etc.
--Max Van Manen, Munhall (Nursing)

Spring 2006 Qualitative Research--Simpson 23

 Phenomenology

• Moustakas, 1994, p. 13: “to determine

what an experience means for the
persons who have had the experience and
are able to provide a comprehensive
description of it. From the individual
descriptions, general or universal
meanings are derived, in other words, the
essences of structures of the experience.”

Spring 2006 Qualitative Research--Simpson 24

Sample titles:

1. Phenomenological Research and Adolescent Female Sexuality:

Discoveries and Applications

2. AN INDEPTH EXPLORATION INTO THE SEXUAL

EXPERIENCES OF PEOPLE WITH A MILD OR MODERATE
INTELLECTUAL DISABILTY.

3. NEAR DEATH EXPERIENCES AMONG CRTITICAL

PATIENTS : A PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

4.
 3. Grounded Theory

– Based on Symbolic Interactionism

which posits that humans act and
interact on the basis of symbols,
which have meaning and value for
the actors.

Spring 2006 Qualitative Research--Simpson 26

 Grounded Theory cont.

• The intent of grounded theory is

to generate or discover a theory
that relates to a particular
situation. If little is known
about a topic, grounded theory
is especially useful
Spring 2006 Qualitative Research--Simpson 27
 Grounded Theory cont.

• The intent of grounded theory is

to generate or discover a theory
that relates to a particular
situation. If little is known
about a topic, grounded theory
is especially useful
Spring 2006 Qualitative Research--Simpson 28
 Grounded Theory cont.
– Data analysis generates a visual picture, a
narrative statement or a series of
hypotheses with a central phenomenon,
causal conditions, context and
consequences.

– The researcher needs to set aside theoretical

ideas or notions so that analytical or
substantive theories can emerge from the
data.

– Systematic approach
Spring 2006 Qualitative Research--Simpson 29
SAMPLE TITLES:

1. Using Grounded Theory in Feminist research – A research

about women’s exclusion from administration positions in
primary education

2. The Delivery of Quality Nursing Care: A Grounded Theory

Study of the Nurses' Perspective

3. Grounded Learning: An Application of Grounded Theory

In Educational Practice
 4. Ethnography
– A description and interpretation of a
cultural or social group or system. The
researcher examines the group’s observable
and learned patterns of behavior, customs,
and ways of life.

– Involves prolonged observation of the group,

typically through participant observation.

Spring 2006 Qualitative Research--Simpson 31

 Ethnography

– Field Work
– Key Informants
– Thick description
– Emic (insider group perspective) and Etic
(researcher’s interpretation of social life).
– Context important, need holistic view.
– Need grounding in anthropology.

Spring 2006 Qualitative Research--Simpson 32

 Ethnography cont.

– Need extensive time to collect data

– Many ethnographies may be written in a

narrative or story telling approach which
may be difficult for the audience accustomed
to usual social science writing.

Spring 2006 Qualitative Research--Simpson 33

Sample titles

1.Goffman in 'the home': exploring the viability of a Goffmanian

style
analysis of the nanny and parent relationship

2. Ethnographic analysis on Internet-mediated communication

practices in Cambodia

3. 'Mothering Through Recruitment: Kinscription of

Nonresidential Fathers and Father Figures in Low-Income
Families', Family
Relations

4. Child rearing practices of Manobo Tribe: A close encounter

 5. Case Study

– A case study is an exploration of a “bounded

system” or a case (or multiple cases) over
time through detailed, in-depth data
collection involving multiple sources of
information rich in context.

– The context of the case involves situating the

case within its setting. which may be
physical, social, historical and/or economic.

Spring 2006 Qualitative Research--Simpson 35

 Case Study cont.

– Data collection strategies include direct

observation, interviews, documents, archival
records, participant observation, physical
artifacts and audiovisual materials.

– Analysis of themes, or issues and an

interpretation of the case by the researcher.

Spring 2006 Qualitative Research--Simpson 36

Sample titles:

1. Cultural influences on the social network marketing effectiveness :

A case Study in Thailand

2. Gender Differences Within Academia : A case study on the

probability of promotion

3. Case Study on male prostitution in Cebu City

Summarize the Characteristics of
the types of Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research Designs/Types

1. Case Study: In a case study, a single person, program, event, process,

institution, organization, social group or phenomenon is investigated
within a specified time frame, using a combination of appropriate data
collection devices (Creswell, 1994).

2. Ethnography: Rooted in anthropology, ethnography involves the study of

an intact group, logically defined, in its natural context for a sustained time
interval. The researcher is typically an observer or a participant observer
(Creswell, 1994).

3. Phenomenology: In essence, this approach investigates an individual’s or

group’s perception of reality as he or she constructs it. These realities may
be expressed as an event, program, relationship, emotion, etc.
Phenomenology is rooted in philosophy.
4. Grounded Theory: Grounded theory is a general research
methodology used in building naturalistic theory and is rooted in
sociology (Strauss and Corbin, 1994).

5. Biography: The research relies on records, diaries, oral

histories, photographs, and other artifacts to describe, analyze, and
explain past events, philosophies, etc.
 Focus Data Collection
Method Sample Size
Ethnography Observation &
Context or culture --
interviews
Stories from
Biography
Documentary 1 to 2 individuals &
documents
People who have
Phenomenological
experienced a 5 to 25 Interviews
phenomenon
Develop a theory
Interviews, then open
Grounded Theory from grounded in 20 to 60
and axial coding
field data
Organization, entity, Interviews,
Case Study individual, or event -- documents, reports,
observations
Video Time
Identify as to what type of Qualitative Research are the
following:
1. Battered husbands: a new form of slavery?
2. Perception of buyers on the china made products
3. Through science humans have changed the earth: Better or
Worse?
4. Social Media is anti social
5. Social Relativism is the key to understanding cultures
6. Philippine Dictators: A prologue
7. Flight and Fright behavior patterns of Birds
8. Autism spectrum disorder: what makes them unique?
9. Proving multiple intelligences theory on selected STEC
students
10. Marital failures for underage couples.
Identify as to what type of Qualitative Research are the following:

1. Mangyan Courtship Dance: A Lost Tradition

2. STEC Students’ Struggles in Senior High School
3. General Luna: A worthy Leader
4. Breast feeding practices in barangay Suba
5. Delivery of Effective Customer Care in malls of Lapu-Lapu
City
6. Peer Pressure in School: Make or Break?
7. Multiple Intelligences among kids: An Exploratory case
8. Sibling Rivalry for Maternal and Paternal Attention
9. (Re)structuring the history of Code of Kalantiao
10. Factors of Unemployment in Lapu-Lapu City
Identify as to what type of Qualitative Research are the
following:

11. The Poems of Jose Rizal: Structure & Function

12. Cancer Patients’ Struggles: Survival for Life
13. The Pareto Principle in Business Practice
14. Dewey’s Self-Reflective Model
15. Child rearing practices of Bajao
16. Metacognitive skills of student-achievers
17. Satisfaction of teachers in DepEd
18. ID, Ego, Superego – Understanding Personality
19. The writings of Nick Joaquin
20. Offshoot of Mining Industry: Students of
Compostela Valley, where are you?
 Point to Ponder:
What is the application of
Qualitative Research in Life?