Infection and Infection Control
Infection and Infection Control
Infection and Infection Control
INFECTION CONTROL
MEDICAL ASEPSIS
• Sterile technique
• Practices that keep an area or object free of all microorganisms
• Practices that destroy all microorganisms and spores
• Used for all procedures involving sterile areas of the body
PRINCIPLES OF ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE
• Staphylococcus aureus
• E.coli
• Pseudomonas aerugenosa
• Klebsiella Pneumoniae
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Staphylococcus epidermidis
MODE OF TRANSMISSION INVOLVED IN HAI
• Contact transmission
a. Direct contact – person to person
b. Indirect contact – intermediate object to person
• Droplet transmission – from respiratory tract of infectious individuals to susceptible mucosal surfaces of
recipient
• Airborne transmission – dissemination of either airborne droplet nuclei or small particles containing
pathogens.
MOST COMMON TYPE OF HAI
• UTI
• Surgical sites of infections
• Lower respiratory tract infection
• Blood stream infection
• Gastrointestinal infection
Hand washing – single most important measure to reduce risk of transmitting pathogens.
• Medical asepsis
• Surgical asepsis
• Use of PPE
Standard Precaution
• Combined features of universal precaution and transmission based precaution:
• Applied to all patients and health care personnel regardless of suspected or confirmed presence of an
infectious agent.
STANDARD PRECAUTION
- ASSUME THAT EVERY PERSON IS POTENTIALLY INFECTED WITH AN ORGANISM THAT COULD BE
TRANSMITTED IN THE HEALTH CARE SETTING
• Hand hygiene
• Use of personal protective equipment ( gloves, gowns, mouth, nose, eye
protection )
• Respiratory hygiene/ cough etiquette
• Patient-care equipment and instruments
• Care of the environment
• Textiles and laundry
TRANSMISSION BASED PRECAUTION
1. Contact precaution
- Wear gloves
- Hand hygiene
- Gowns
- Patient transport
- Patient care equipment
DROPLET PRACAUTION
Droplet precaution:
1. PPE – MASK
2. Hand hygiene
3. Patient placement – private room; 3 feet away from other patients
4. Patient transport – limit transport- who will wear a mask?
AIRBORNE PRECAUTION
• Involves airborne droplet nuclie or dust containing pathogen
• less than 5 um in size; suspended in the air
• Use airborne precaution as recommended for patients known or
suspected to have agents person to person by the airborne route ( TB,
Measles, chickenpox, herpes)
• Airborne precaution:
• Patient placement – airborne infection isolation room ( AIIR)
• Wear mask outside the isolation room
• patient transport
• Hand hygiene
• PPE
• Wear n95 mask when entering the isolation room ( nurses, visitors)
AIRBORNE INFECTION ISOLATION ROOM ( AIIR)
• Single patient room equipped with special air handling and ventilation system
• Negative pressure room
• When the door is opened and air that is evacuated from such rooms passes through high efficiency
particulate air (HEPA) filters to remove pathogens.
•
PROTECTIVE ENVIRONMENT
• Rooms that are positive pressure, and vented air that enter these rooms passes through HEPA filters