Traning Pre (Ashi)

MAJOR TRANING
REPORT
FROM
BSNL
ON
TELECOMMUNICATI
ON
CONTENTS:-
1)BSNL ORGNAISATION
2) HOW TO SUBSCRIBER COMMUNICATE
3) TELEPHONE EXCHANGE & SWITCHES
4) TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OR MODES
a) SDH
b) PCM
5) GSM
a) BSS
b) MSS
c) NSS
6) CDMA
7) 3G
8) MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME
9) CHANNEL OVERVIEW
B.S.N.L. Organization
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. formed in October, 2000, is

World's 7th largest Telecommunications Company providing
comprehensive range of telecom services in India: Wireline,
CDMA mobile, GSM Mobile, Internet, Broadband, Carrier
service, MPLS-VPN, VSAT services, IN Services etc. Within a
span of five years it has become one of the largest public
sector unit in India.
BSNL has installed Quality Telecom Network in the
country and now focusing on improving it, expanding the
network, introducing new telecom services with ICT
applications in villages and wining customer's confidence.
Today, it has about 47.3 million line basic telephone
capacity, 4 million WLL capacity, 20.1 Million GSM
Capacity, more
than 37382 fixed exchanges, 18000 BTS, 287 Satellite
Stations, 480196 Rkm of OFC Cable, 63730 Rkm of
Microwave Network connecting 602 Districts,
7330cities/towns and 5.5 Lakhs villages.
TELEPHONE EXCHANGE
INTRODUCTION
The main function of an exchange is to process call from a

calling subscriber and make the connection to the called
subscriber. This connection can be direct or via another
exchange. This requires all parts of the exchange to work as a
unit to ensure the call is properly handled.
CALL PROCESSING ARCHITECTURE
The main function of the exchange is to process subscriber calls.

The exchange does this by connecting an incoming line or trunk
to another line or trunk. However call processing involves much
more than simply connecting subscribers. In order to process the
calls the exchange must perform four basic switching functions.
• Supervision:
• Detects and reports service requests, acknowledgements and
requests to terminate service.
• Signaling:
• Transmits information about lines and trunks and information
about other aspects of call handling to control switching
equipment.
• Routing:
• Converts address information to the location of the
corresponding call line or to the location of a trunk on the way to
that line.
CALL PROCESSING STAGES
MODES OF TRANSMISSION:-
SDH (SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HERARCHY)
INTRODUCTION:
It is an international standard networking principle and a

multiplexing method. The name of hierarchy has been taken from
the multiplexing method which is 4 synchronous by nature. The
evolution of this system will assist in improving the economy of
operability and reliability of a digital network.
MERITS OF SDH:
•Simplified multiplexing/demultiplexing techniques.
II. Direct access to lower speed tributaries, without need to
multiplex/demultiplex the entire high speed signal.
•Enhanced operations, Administration, Maintenance & provisioning
capabilities.
•Capable of transporting existing PDH signals.
• Capable of transporting future broadband channel bit rates.
•Capable of operating in a multi-vendor and multi-operator environment
ADVANTAGES:
SDH supports the following services:
• Low/High speed data.
• Voice
• Interconnection of LAN
• Computer links
• Broadband ISDN transport
Pulse-code modulation
.
Pulse code modulation (PCM) is a digital scheme for transmitting

analog data. The signals in PCM are binary; that is, there are only
two possible states, represented by logic 1 (high) and logic0 (low).
This is true no matter how complex the analog waveform happens to
be. Using PCM, it is possible to digitize all forms of analog data,
including full-motion video, voices, music, telemetry, and virtual
reality (VR).
To obtain PCM from an analog waveform at the source (transmitter
end) of a communications circuit, the analog signal amplitude is
sampled (measured) at regular time intervals. The sampling rate, or
number of samples per second, is several times the maximum
frequency of the analog waveform in cycles per second or hertz.
Quantization
• Done to
make the
signal
amplitude
discrete
• Adds
quantization
noise
GSM Cell Structure
ALLOCATED GSM FREQUENCY BANDS
Features of GSM
•Compatibility
•Noise Robust
•Flexibility
•Increased Capacity
•Improved Security
•ISDN Compatibility
•Confidentiality
•Subscriber Identification
•Use of Standardized Open Interface
•Enhanced Range of Services
•Cleaner Handovers
•International Roaming Capability
3G
A telecommunication hardware standards and general Technology

for mobile networking.
It is based on the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
family of standards
It conceived from Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service
(UMTS) concept for high speed networks for enabling variety of
data intensive applications
It consists of two main standards – CDMA 2000 & w- CDMA
3G network operators offer wide range of advanced service to its
users
This can be achieved by Spectral efficiency
3G CDMA ARCHITECTUR
MAINDISTRIBUTION FRAME:-
Main Distribution Frame

M.D.F. is a media between switching network and subscriber’s
line. It distribute wires in different areas and this wire connect
switching room and subscribers line.
10. Logical Channels
• Traffic Channels (TCH)

– TCH/F and TCH/H for full and half rate speech channels.
– TCH/9.6, TCH/4.8 and TCH/2.4 for 9.6, 4.8 and 2.4 kb/s data
channels.
• Broadcast Channels (BCH)
– Frequency correction channel (FCCH),
– Synchronization channel (SCH),
–Broadcast control channel (BCCH).
• Common control channels
– paging channel (PCH),
– Access grant channel (AGCH),
– Random access channel (RACH).
• Dedicated control channels
– Stand-alone dedicated control channel (SDCCH),
– Slow associated control channel (SACCH),

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MAJOR TRANING

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. formed in October, 2000, is

The main function of an exchange is to process call from a

The main function of the exchange is to process subscriber calls.

SDH (SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HERARCHY)

It is an international standard networking principle and a

Pulse code modulation (PCM) is a digital scheme for transmitting

A telecommunication hardware standards and general Technology

Main Distribution Frame

• Traffic Channels (TCH)

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