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    Chapter 2 Reading Quiz

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    hayleequinn
    This reading quiz covers key concepts in chemistry including: 1) The four main elements that make up 96% of living matter are carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen. 2) Atoms are made up of protons and neutrons in the nucleus surrounded by electrons. The octet rule states atoms form bonds to gain a full outer shell of 8 electrons. 3) Weak hydrogen bonds between molecules are important for biological processes like protein folding and DNA structure despite being easier to break than covalent bonds.

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    Chapter 2 Reading Quiz

    Uploaded by

    hayleequinn
    13 views15 pages
    This reading quiz covers key concepts in chemistry including: 1) The four main elements that make up 96% of living matter are carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen. 2) Atoms are made up of protons and neutrons in the nucleus surrounded by electrons. The octet rule states atoms form bonds to gain a full outer shell of 8 electrons. 3) Weak hydrogen bonds between molecules are important for biological processes like protein folding and DNA structure despite being easier to break than covalent bonds.

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    Ch 2

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    This reading quiz covers key concepts in chemistry including: 1) The four main elements that make up 96% of living matter are carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen. 2) Atoms are made up of protons and neutrons in the nucleus surrounded by electrons. The octet rule states atoms form bonds to gain a full outer shell of 8 electrons. 3) Weak hydrogen bonds between molecules are important for biological processes like protein folding and DNA structure despite being easier to break than covalent bonds.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    13 views15 pages

    Chapter 2 Reading Quiz

    Uploaded by

    hayleequinn
    This reading quiz covers key concepts in chemistry including: 1) The four main elements that make up 96% of living matter are carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen. 2) Atoms are made up of protons and neutrons in the nucleus surrounded by electrons. The octet rule states atoms form bonds to gain a full outer shell of 8 electrons. 3) Weak hydrogen bonds between molecules are important for biological processes like protein folding and DNA structure despite being easier to break than covalent bonds.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    Chapter 2 Reading Quiz

    1. About how many elements are required for life?

    2. Draw a carbon atom (it’s atomic # is 6)

    3. What are the bonds WITHIN a water molecule called?

    4. What are the bonds BETWEEN water molecules


    called?

    5. Write the simplified equation for photosynthesis.


    1.Distinguish between element and
    compound.
    Element Compound
    • A substance that • A pure substance
    cannot be broken composed of 2 or
    down into other more elements
    substances by combined in a fixed
    chemical reactions ratio
    • Ex: Gold, Oxygen • Ex: Water, air 
    2.State the four elements essential to life
    that make up 96% of living matter.

    1. Carbon
    2.Nitrogen
    3.Oxygen
    4.Hydrogen 
    3. Draw and label the structure of
    an atom.
    • Protons (positively Electron cloud
    charged particles in
    nucleus)
    • Neutrons (particles
    with no charge in
    nucleus)
    nucleus
    • Electrons (tiny
    particles with a
    negative charge – fly
    around nucleus) 
    4. Distinguish among atomic number,
    mass number, atomic weight.

    Atomic Number Mass Number


    • The number of • The number of
    protons protons plus neutrons

    Atomic Weight
    •The weighted mean
    of the masses of an
    elements’ constituent
    isotopes
    5. Given the atomic number and mass number of an
    oxygen atom, determine the number of neutrons.
    (atomic = 8, mass = 16)

    Mass number = protons + neutrons


    Atomic number = protons
    therefore…..
    mass number  16
    - atomic number  8
    number of neutrons  8
    6. Define radioisotopes and explain
    why they are important to biologists.
    • Radioisotopes are
    unstable isotopes of
    elements
    • Can help to date
    geological strata and
    fossils
    • Used as tracers to
    diagnose disease
    • Can treat cancers
    (cobalt isotope) 
    7. Explain how electron configuration
    influences the chemical behavior of an atom.

    • When electrons move from one


    energy level to another, they gain or
    lose energy equal to the difference in
    potential energy between the old and
    the new energy levels 
    8. Explain the octet rule and predict how
    many bonds a carbon atom might form due to
    this rule.
    • Octet Rule = a valence shell is
    complete when it contains 8 electrons
    • A carbon atom may only form 4 bonds,
    as each bond represents 2 electrons

    9. Explain why the noble gases
    are so non-reactive.

    • Noble gases have filled outer shells in


    their elemental state and are inert

    • Ex: helium, neon, argon 


    10.Define electronegativity and explain
    how it influences the formation of
    chemical bonds.
    • An atom’s ability to
    attract and hold
    electrons
    • The more
    ‘electronegative’ an
    atom is, the more
    strongly it attracts,
    and keeps, shared
    electrons
    • Ex: water molecule 
    11. Distinguish among nonpolar covalent,
    polar covalent, ionic and hydrogen
    bonds.
    Nonpolar Covalent – bond formed by an equal
    sharing of electrons between atoms
    Polar Covalent – bond formed by an unequal sharing
    of electrons between atoms
    Ionic – bond formed by the electrostatic
    attraction after the complete transfer of an
    electron
    Hydrogen – bond formed by the charge attraction
    when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one
    electronegative atom is attracted to another
    electronegative atom (Ex: water molecules) 
    12.Explain why weak bonds are
    important to living organisms.

    H y d ro g e n B o n d s
    ( 2 0 x e a s ie r t o b r e a k t h a n c o v a le n t )
    N e e d e d fo r :

    H y d r o p h o b ic in t e r a c t io n s c h e m ic a l s ig n a lin g s t a b iliz e s 3 D s h a p e s
    in a q u e o u s s o lu t io n s ( t e m p o r a r y a s s o c ia t io n s ) o f la r g e m o le c u le s
    ( D N A , p r o t e in s , e t c )
    13. Describe how the relative concentrations
    of reactants and products affect a chemical
    reaction.
    • The higher the
    concentrations, the
    greater probability of
    a reaction
    • Chemical equilibrium
    does NOT mean the
    concentrations of
    products and
    reactants are the
    same 

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