Chap 2
Chap 2
Chap 2
1. Process/functional/job layout
Process layout is recommended for batch production. All machines
performing similar type of operations are grouped at one location in the
process layout e.g., all lathes, milling machines, etc. are grouped in the
shop will be clustered in like groups.
Thus, in process layout the arrangement of facilities are grouped together
according to their functions. The flow paths of material through the facilities
from one functional area to another vary from product to product. Usually the
paths are long and there will be possibility of backtracking.
Process layout is normally used when the production volume is not sufficient
to justify a product layout. Typically, job shops employ process layouts due
to the variety of products manufactured and their low production volumes.
Process layout
Process layout
2. Product/line layout
In this type of layout, machines and auxiliary(gargaartuu) services are located
according to the processing sequence of the product. If the volume of
production of one or more products is large, the facilities can be arranged to
achieve efficient flow of materials and lower cost per unit. Special purpose
machines are used which perform the required function quickly and reliably.
The product layout is selected when the volume of production of a product is
high such that a separate production line to manufacture it can be justified. In
a strict product layout, machines are not shared by different products.
Therefore, the production volume must be sufficient to achieve satisfactory
utilization of the equipment. And, suitable for continuous type of production.
Product layout
3. Combination/mixed layout
A combination of process and product layouts combines the advantages of
both types of layouts. A combination layout is possible where an item is being
made in different types and sizes. Here machinery is arranged in a process
layout but the process grouping is then arranged in a sequence to manufacture
various types and sizes of products.
- Very high unit cost. - Low utilization of - Can be costly to - Can have low mix
resources. rearrange existing and flexibility
- Scheduling space and layout
- Can have very - Not very robust to
activities can be high WIP disruption
- Can need more
difficult.
plant and - Work can be very
- Complex flow equipment repetitive
Factors influencing Plant Layout
1) Management policy
2) Manufacturing process
3) Nature of product
4) Volume of production
5) Type of equipment
6) Type of building
9) Service facilities
- Higher rejections/damages
- Accidents
2.3 Ergonomics and Industrial Safety
The word 'Ergonomics' has its origin in two Greek words ergon (work) and nomos
(laws). So it is the study of the man in relation to his work. In USA and other
countries it is called by the name 'human engineering or human factors
engineering'.
ILO (or International Labor Organization) defines human engineering as, "The
application of human biological sciences along with engineering sciences to
achieve optimum mutual adjustment of men and his work, the benefits being
measured in terms of human efficiency and well-being."
Ergonomics is the process of designing or arranging workplaces, products and
systems so that they fit the people who use them.
Ergonomics is a branch of science that aims to learn about human abilities and
limitations, and then apply this learning to improve people’s interaction with
products, systems and environments.
It aims to improve workspaces and environments to minimize risk of injury or
harm. Human engineering focuses on human beings and their interaction with
products, equipment facilities and environments used in the work. Human
engineering seeks to change the things people use and the environment in
which they use the things to match in a better way the capabilities, limitations
and needs of people.
HFs
HFs
HFs Science HFE Integration/Ergon.
– Safety issues
References:
• http://materialrulz.weebly.com/uploads/7/9/5/1/795167/plant_layout.pdf
• http://uotechnology.edu.iq/dep-production/branch3_files/ch4may.pdf
• http://www.hsa.ie/eng/Publications_and_Forms/Publications/Occupationa
l_Health/Ergonomics.pdf