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JAPANESE 

ARCHITECTURE
Sites and Structures

Prepared by: Purchia Jeda A. Pague


Historic Village of

Shirakaw
Shiragawa, Japan

a-gō
Historic Village of
About the Village
Shirakawa-gō
• Shirakawa (Shirakawa-mura) or  Shirakawa-gō

• also known as  ("White River Old-District")

• an altitude of about 500 meters 

• in a valley defined by the Sho River and the surrounding Japanese 
alps. 

• was designated a UNESCO world heritage site in 1995 in honor of 


the large number of historical farmhouses remaining here. 

•  homes  are  constructed  in  the  gassho-zukuri  style  (literally, 


resembling hands steepled in prayer).

•  buildings shown on this report are part of Ogimachi hamlet, which 
is about 45.6 hectares
Historic Village of Shirakawa-gō
About the Village’s Geography

• is a mountain village 

• located at the highest peak on Mount
Haku in the Ryōhaku Mountains
• The village's area is 95.7% mountainous 
forests

• Is steep places  that are characteristic. 

• In between the mountains flows the Shō 
River, which continues to the north into Nanto 
in Toyama. 
Historic Village of Shirakawa-gō
About the Village’s Geography

• One of the snowiest places in Japan 

• 95.7% of Shirakawa is covered by forests.

• is a leading area of heavy snowfall in the 
world, and due to this climate, gasshō-
zukuri homes were created. 

• Gassho-zukuri settlements are registered 
as cultural heritage sites. 

• With the shape of the Hakusan National 
Park mountain ranges as a background, 
these sites are major tourist attractions. 
Historic Village of Shirakawa-gō
About the Village’s Architecture

• well known for their houses constructed in the 
architectural style known as gasshō-zukuri . 

• The Gasshō-zukuri, "prayer-hands construction" style is 
characterized by a thatched and steeply slanting roof 
resembling two hands joined in prayer. 

• The design is exceptionally strong and, in combination 
with the unique properties of the thatching,allow the 
houses to withstand and shed the weight of the region's 
heavy snowfalls in winter.

Gasshō-zukuri - traditionally thatched houses 
in Shirakawa-go
Historic Village of Shirakawa-gō
About the Village’s Architecture

• houses are large, with three to four stories 
encompassed between the low eaves

• historically intended to house large 
extended families and a highly efficient 
space for a variety of industries

• The upper storeys of the gasshō houses 
were usually set aside for sericulture

• areas below the first (ground) floor were 
often used for the production of nitre, one 
of the raw materials needed for the 
production of gunpowder.
Traditional housing in Shirakawa-gō
Historic Village of Shirakawa-gō
About the Village’s Architecture

• By the year 1600 there were at least 50 houses 
on the present site, increasing to 80 by the 
end of the Meiji era. 

• The village thrived due to the demand for high 
quality silk in Kyoto.

• Most of the houses in Ogimachi have eaves 
facing east and west. This layout maximizes 
the amount of sunlight falling on the roof 
surfaces, helping to keep them dry and free of 
snow. In addition, this layout helps avoid the 
worst effects of strong winds that frequently 
blow north and south along the river, 
particularly during the typhoon season.

Traditional housing in Shirakawa-gō
Kanda family House
• The  upper  stories  of  Gassho  houses  were 
commonly  used  for  silkworm  production,  and 
Kanda house is no exception. The owners also 
made  fuming  nitric  acid,  an  ingredient  in  the 
gunpowder  of  the  time,  as  a  commodity  to 
trade for cash.

• a  typical  "Gassho-zukuri"  style  house  (a  house  built  in  the 


form of hands steepled in prayer).

• The  house  was  established  in  the  latter  half  of  the  Edo 
period by Wada Yaemon

• Accordingly,  he  changed  his  family  name  to  "Kanda" 


("Divine Rice Field") in homage to the land's former use.
Kanda family House

oe – multi-purpose living/dinin

Ground floor living Irori –sunken hearth


Kanda family House

Silkworm cultivation
wada family House

Façade and views


wada family House

oe – multi-purpose living/dinin

Ground floor living Irori –sunken hearth


wada family House

Silkworm cultivation
nagase family House

Façade and views


nagase family House

Ground floor living


nagase family House

Silkworm cultivation
Buddhist Temple of

TŌJI
Kyoto, Japan
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
Fast facts
• Its name literally means "East Temple”

• was known before as Kyō-ō-gokoku-ji  
(The Temple for the Defense of the Nation by
the Means of the King of Doctrines).

• Founded during early Heian period.

• presently stands to the southwest of Kyoto 
station. 

• Toji's pagoda is a symbol of Kyoto.

• A World Heritage Site.

• Established in 796.
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
Fast facts
• seminary for the practice of Shingon sect 
esoteric Buddhism (mikkyō  in Japanese; 
literally "secret teachings”). 

• The principal image of the temple is 
Yakushi Nyorai.

Yakushi Nyorai
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
Brief History
• Emperor Kammu moved the capital from Nara to Kyoto .

• Established  both  Tō-ji  and  Saiji  to  protect the entrance of the
capital  in  the  hopes  of  preventing  evil  influences  from  gaining  a  foothold 
there. 

• his  successor,  Emperor  Saga,  put  a  Buddhist 


priest by the name of  Kūkai took charge of the 
construction effort in 823. 
• Kūkai added several buildings to Tō-ji, 

• Devoted structures to spiritual matters. 

• None of the buildings of Kūkai's era have survived. 
Emperor Kammu
Buddhist priest Kūkai  
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
About the Temple’s Architecture

Architecture and layout


• From the entrance of 
Heian-kyo (historic 
Kyoto), an 84-meter-wide
avenue ran directly north to 
the Imperial Palace, in the 
middle of the city. 

• The city was arranged 
symmetrically on either 
side of this grand avenue and 
all streets ran precisely north-
south and east-west in a grid 
pattern. 
Aerial view of Heian-Kyo a.k.a. Historic Kyoto
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
About the Temple’s Architecture

Heian-kyo (historic Kyoto)


• Golden age of Kyoto 
• Was the capital of Japan for 1000 years. 
• 84-meter-wide avenue a.k.a. (Suzaku-Oji) 

Main Entrance to Heian-kyo with the  Aerial view of a scaled model of  Heian-Kyo a.k.a. Historic Kyoto’s 
Suzaku-Oji avenue running at 87 m long geometric layout
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
About the Temple’s Architecture

Architecture and layout


• The establishment of Buddhist temples for the protection 
of the realm; common in Japan and Korea. 

• construction of the temple was slow; was still incomplete 
thirty years after groundbreaking.

• original function: to protect the capital and the


nation from harmful forces, both human and spiritual.
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
About the Temple’s Architecture

Architecture and layout


• The layout of old Heiankyo is still visible in 
the rectilinear pattern of modern Kyoto's 
streets. 

• Two huge guardian temples were built 


on the east and the west (Sai-ji ) sides of 
the main entrance of the Imperial City of 
Heiankyo. 

• Unfortunately, the temple on the west side 
no longer exists, but To-ji, which literally 
means "East Temple", has survived to the 
present day. 
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
Five-storey pagoda
• Stands at 55m tall.

• Tallest wooden pagoda in Japan.

• was rebuilt in 1643 by the third Shogun, Tokugawa Iemitsu 
(after 4th  burning incident) 

• burned down four times after being struck by lightning. 

• and is very heavily endowed with lightning rods and fire 
extinguishers.
Buddhist Temple of  tōji

Five-storey pagoda
• Is illuminated at night.

• was one of only three Buddhist temples allowed in the capital at 


the time 

• is the only of the three to survive to the present.

• Continues to be a symbol of Kyoto.

• Entrance is only permitted only a few days a year. 

• Inside are four buddhas and eight bodhisattvas


arranged to form a three-dimensional mandala in support of the 
temple’s mission to protect the nation.
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
Five-storey pagoda
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
Five-storey pagoda
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
Five-storey pagoda
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
Five-storey pagoda

Buddhist mandala
Three-dimensional presentation of the mandala wth four buddhas and eight bodhisattvas
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
Kondo (golden hall]
• First built in 796; Burned down in 1486

• rebuilt by Toyotomi Hideyori in 1603

• Features inside a Yakushi-nyorai Buddha


(Medicine Buddha and his two assistants: Nikko and
Gakko Bosatsu

• Also features Seven Healing Buddhas


(Shichibutsu Yakushi) in an areole that surrounds him
and Twelve Divine Generals (Juni Shinso) of
(Twelve Vows) supporting the base that he sits.

• Carries a bottle of medicine (left hand); “Fear Not”


mudra (right hand)
Buddhist Temple of  tōji

Kondo (golden hall]


• The raised central part of the lower 
roof offsets the regularity of the 
front view of the building. Here the 
Tenji-ku (old Indian) style is 
introduced into the traditional 
Japanese architectural style.
Buddhist Temple of  tōji

Kondo (golden hall]

Back view of the Kondo hall
Buddhist Temple of  tōji

Kondo (golden hall]


Buddhist Temple of  tōji
Kondo (golden hall]
Buddhist Temple of  tōji

Kondo hall (golden Hall)


Buddhist Temple of  tōji
Kondo hall (golden Hall)
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
Kondo [golden hall]

Yakushi-nyorai Buddha (middle),


Seven Healing Buddhas (overhead areole) and
Yakushi-nyorai Buddha (middle)
Twelve Divine Generals (base) (Medicine Buddha and his two assistants: Nikko and Gakko Bosatsu)
Buddhist Temple of  tōji

Kodo (lecture hall]


• Burned down in 1486

• originally built by Kobo Daishi

• Features 21 Buddha statues arranged on the floor in a


mandala pattern according to Shingon practice.

• Features:
Five Wisdom Buddhas in the center
Five Great Wisdom Kings on the lef
Five Great Bodhisattvas on the right

• The entire assembly is protected by the Four Heavenly


Kings (in the corners) as well as the Hindu deities
Brahma (Bonten) and Indra (Taishakuten).
Buddhist Temple of  tōji

Kodo (lecture hall]


Buddhist Temple of  tōji
Kodo [lecture hall]

Four Heavenly Kings (found in within the corners)
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
Kodo [lecture hall]

21 Buddha statues: Five Wisdom Buddhas (center)
Five Great Wisdom Kings (left) 
Two of the Five Great Bosatsu  (bodhisattva)
Five Great Bodhisattvas on the (right )
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
Jikido hall (refectory)
• was the living quarters and eating
area for the monks.

• Located south of the Kitadaimon


gate .

• Refectory: 
• a room used for communal
meals, especially in an 
educational or religious institution.
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
Jikido hall (refectory)
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
Jikido hall (refectory)
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
miedo (founder’s hall)
• a.k.a. “Daishi-do Hall”

• dedicated to Kobo Daishi (Kukai). 

• It stands on the location of his original residence. 
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
Hozo (Treasure warehouse)
• Surrounded by a moat to protect it from a fire.

• Built in the Azekura style without any nails.
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
omotsukan museum (Treasure hall/treasury)

• Features a single National Treasure (a Chinese sculpture of  Bishamonten/ Tobatsubishamon-ten  (A 


Chinese sculpture from the Tang dynasty)

• On the second floor features also a Heian era six-meter Thousand-Armed Kannon  (bodhisattva of 


Mercy) that was originally located in the Dining Hall until it burned down in 1930. 
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
omotsukan museum [treasury/treasure hall]

three pairs of screens, each depicting the Twelve Celestial Beings (Devas) who are regarded as 
the protectors of Buddhism in the Esoteric tradition.

Heian era six-meter Thousand-Armed Kannon
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
Hyotan-ike pond
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
Hyotan-ike pond
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
Kukai statue
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
Yashima shrine
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
Water house and bell tower
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
Nandaimon gate (south gate)
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
Nandaimon gate (south gate)
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
Nandaimon gate (south gate)

View of the Nan-daimon gate from the temple grounds
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
kitadaimon gate (north gate)

View of the Kita-daimon gate from the stone bridge
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
kitadaimon gate (north gate)
Buddhist Temple of  tōji
Temple office with rengemon gate
Thank you for listening!
References/sources
Asian Historical Architecture. (n.d.). Toji Temple, Kyoto, Japan. Retrieved from Oriental Architecture: 
http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/809/japan/kyoto/toji-temple
Barnhill, S. (n.d.). Toji Temple. Retrieved from ssbarnhill: http://ssbarnhill.com/Japan/Attractions/Toji.htm
Hoffert, B. (2010, November 10). Toji: East Temple. Retrieved from History/Religious Studies North Central 
College: http://bhoffert.faculty.noctrl.edu/REL315/Toji.html
Japan Tourist Information. (n.d.). Temples and Shrines: Toji Temple. Retrieved from Japan Visitor: 
http://www.japanvisitor.com/japan-temples-shrines/toji-temple
Kundu-Nagata, M. (2011, August 2). Toji Temple. Retrieved from lipikazuo:
http://lipikazuo.blogspot.com/2011/08/toji-temple.html
Noboru, A. (2005, February 12). Toji Temple. Retrieved from Kyoto:
http://kyoto.asanoxn.com/places/honganji_toji/toji.htm
ROHM. (n.d.). Nandaimon Gate and Kondo Hall. Retrieved from Micro ROHM:
http://micro.rohm.com/en/rohm-saijiki/toji/12_closeup/closeup01.html
Wikimedia Commons. (2012, March 25). Toji Temple. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons: 
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Toji
Wikipedia. (n.d.). Toji Temple. Retrieved from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8D-ji
World Heritage Toji. (n.d.). Toji Temple. Retrieved from Toji Temple: http://www.toji.or.jp/en/

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