Parasitology
Parasitology
Parasitology
Introduction to Human
Parasitology
parasitic infections
Medical
Human Parasitology
Protozoology
Medical
Helminthology
Medical
Entymology-
Arthropods (Insects)
Some medically important protozoa
1. Amoebiasis
2. Malaria
3. Filariasis
4. Trypanosomiasis
5. Leishmaniasis
6. Trichomoniasis
Protozoa
unicellular eukaryotic organisms distributed
worldwide. They vary in size, shape and lifestyle
and reproduce sexually and/or asexually
GUT PROTOZOA BLOOD STREAM PROTOZOA
Entamoeba histolytica infects the •Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P.
human intestine causing malariae and P. ovale are transmitted
amoebic dysentery or liver abscess. by female Anopheles mosquitoes and
•Giardia lamblia causes cause malaria.
malabsorption and diarrhea. •Trypanosoma gambiense transmitted
•Cryptosporidium parvum causes by the tsetse fly causes African
diarrhea mainly in children sleeping
•Leishmania species are transmitted
by sandflies causing leishmaniasis.
•Toxoplasma gondii
Medically important protozoa infect various parts of human
body. Some protozoa infect more than one organ
Entamoeba histolytica
Non-pathogenic amoeba
Class Zoomastigophorea
Leishmania sp
Plasmodium spp
– Balantidium coli
Class Nematoda
Ascaris
lumbricoides
Trichuris trichiura
Hookworm
Enterobius vermicularis
Filaria
Trichinella spiralis
Nematoda
Class Trematoda
Clonorchis sinensis
Fasciolopsis buski
Paragonimus westermani
Schistosoma japonicum
Trematoda
Class Cestoda
Taenia solium
Macracanthorhynchus
hi
rudinaceus
Class Insecta
Anopheles sinensis Lucilia sericata
Lice
Sandflies , Fleas
4. Terms of Parasitology
Symbiosis
Two different organisms live together
and interact, in this association one
partner lives in or on another one’s
body. including
3 types: Mutualism,
Commensalism,
Parasitism.
Symbiosis
Mutualism is a permanent association
between two different organisms wher
e life apart is impossible, two partners
benefit each other, such as termites an
d flagellates.
The mutuals are metabolically depend
ent on one another; one cannot surviv
e in the absence of the other.
Symbiosis
(3) Commensalism is the association of two
different organisms, in which one partner is
benefited while the other is neither
benefited nor injured, such as E. coli and
man.
(4) Parasitism is the association of two
different organisms, in which one partner is
benefited while the other is injured, such as
Ascaris lumbricoides and man.
Parasite
In parasitism, it is the Parasite who is the
benefited partner.
It is an animal organism which lives in or
on the host in order to obtain
nourishment and shelter from the host
as well as does harms to the host.
Types of Parasites
endoparasite
ectoparasite
temporary parasite
permanent parasite
obligatory parasite
facultative parasite
accidental parasite
opportunistic parasite
Endoparasite
Ectoparasite
Host
In parasitism, host supplies the parasite with
nourishment and shelter and it is the
injured partner.
Alternation of Generation:
In life cycles of some parasites, there
are the regular alternations of sexual
and asexual reproductions , this phe
nomenon is called alternation of gene
ration, such as the life cycle of Plasm
odium vivax.
Mechanical Transmission: Arthropod
s play a role of the transportation of
pathogens, which is not indispensabl
e for the disease transmission, such a
s flies carry typhoid bacilli, ascarid e
ggs and amoebic cysts.
Biological Transmission: Pathogens have to spend
a part of their life cycle in the vector
arthropods in which they multiply or develop
into the infective stage and then invade the
human body under the help of the arthropod,
such as Anopheles mosquitoes transmit
malaria.
Evolution of Parasitism
1. Chronic diseases
2. No effective vaccine
3. No practical chemotherapy
4. Affect young
5. Affect underprivileged
6. Vector-borne
Geographic Distribution Factor
s (Endemicity):
excrement mouth
secretion food, water, finger skin or wound
blood direct or indirect contact mucosa
focus of placenta
infection blood transfusion, injection,
intermediate host,
insects sucking blood,
congenital ,
touch soil, water, grass
Diagnosis of Parasitic
Infections:
1. Clinical diagnosis
2. Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment of Parasitic
Infections:
1. Reduction in sources
2. Education
3. Destruction and/or control of reservoir
hosts and vector