1850 - Ebnezer Howard

INDUSTRIAL TOWNS
Planned Industrial Towns
 1859-Vesinet in France was

planned as a town incorporating
characteristics of French gardens
& English Parks- forerunner of
Garden cities.
 1887,W.H. Liver Company built
Port Sunlight, a workers community
near Liverpool.
.
•1889- Cadbury ,chocolate company built , Bourneville , a garden

community for workers in Birmingham
 Tony Garnier, ’Une cite Industrialle’-ideal industrial town for a pop. of

32,000 people-concept of zoning
•1882, Spanish Architect, Soria y mata, proposed the concept of a linear

city- houses &buildings are set alongside a linear network of roads &
utility systems ,surrounded by gardens
POST INDUSTRIAL CITIES
Ebenezer Howard (1850–1928)
Ebenezer Howard was a modest stenographer,

who managed to change the world with his ideas.
Concerned with the pollution, congestion &
dislocation in modern industrial cities
He is known for his publication To-Morrow: A
Peaceful Path to Real Reform(1898), the description
of a Utopian city in which people live harmoniously
together with nature.
The publication resulted in the founding of the
garden city movement and the movement influenced
the development of several model suburbs .
Howard is to be one of the great guides to the
town planning movement, with many of his garden
city principles being used in modern town planning
Garden Cities of Tomorrow
 he wrote in his life was titled To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to
Real Reform, which was significantly revised in 1902 as
Garden Cities of To-morrow.
 Garden Cities were to avoid the downfalls of industrial
cities of the time such as urban poverty, overcrowding, low
wages, dirty alleys with no drainage, poorly ventilated
houses, toxic substances, dust, carbon gases, infectious
disease and lack of interaction with nature.
 a vision of towns free of slums and enjoying the benefits of
both town (such as opportunity, amusement and good wages)
and country (such as beauty, fresh air and low rents).
Three Magnets diagram
He illustrated the idea with his famous Three Magnets diagram which
addressed the question 'Where will the people go?', the choices being
'Town', 'Country' or 'Town-Country'.
•The town has is advantages of

social opportunities, high wages &
better infrastructure but has slums,
pollution and high rents.
•The country has advantages of
fresh air, sunshine, water but little
opportunities
•He proposed a town-Country
Magnet which ahs advantages of
both town & country
Garden cities
•Howard believed that such Garden
Cities were the perfect blend of city
and nature.
•He proposed the creation of new
suburban towns of limited size,
planned in advance, and surrounded
by a permanent belt of agricultural
land.
•Central to Howard’s argument was that
the Garden City could operate
economically and allow the community
to have ownership of the land
•once a city has reached capacity a •Eventually there a central city (of
new one must be founded outside the perhaps 58,000 inhabitants) would be
agricultural belt surrounded by a number of smaller
cities, connected by railroad and canal
infrastructure.
Garden cities
•The Garden City itself was to cover 1,000
acres and be home to 30,000 people.
•taking a circular form the city would be
divided into six equal Wards, by six main
Boulevards that radiated from a central
garden.
•Around the centre garden would be placed
the civic institutions (Town Hall, Library, etc)
and then a ‘Central Park,’.
•A series of concentric ringed tree-lined
Avenues provide the major streets for houses,
with a ‘Grand Avenue’ 420-feet wide that is
both a 3-mile continuous public park and
home to schools and churches.
•At the edge of the city Howard placed the
factories and warehouses, with direct access to •Surrounding the city the remaining 5,000
a Municipal railway acres are a designated Agricultural green
Belt, home to 2,000 people
Garden cities
 In 1899 he founded the Garden Cities Association, known now as the Town and
Country Planning Association.
 Letchworth a suburban garden city 37 miles north of London was formed in
1903, for a population of between 30,000 and 35,000 people based on the
ideas of Howard
 A second garden city, Welwyn Garden City, was started after World War I.
 The creation of Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City were
influential for the development of "New Towns" after World War II by the
British government.
 In 1913 Howard founded the 'Garden Cities and Town Planning Association' –
presently the International Federation for Housing and Planning. Its goal was to
promote the concept of planned housing and to improve the general standard
of the profession by the international exchange of knowledge and experience.

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INDUSTRIAL TOWNS

Planned Industrial Towns

 1859-Vesinet in France was

•1889- Cadbury ,chocolate company built , Bourneville , a garden

 Tony Garnier, ’Une cite Industrialle’-ideal industrial town for a pop. of

•1882, Spanish Architect, Soria y mata, proposed the concept of a linear

Ebenezer Howard was a modest stenographer,

•The town has is advantages of

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