Group 3 Report Personality Assessment FINAL

THE ASSESSMENT OF
THE PERSONALITY
PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT:
AN OVERVIEW
PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT:
AN OVERVIEW
What is
PERSONALITY?
- Queene Diane Armonia
Jay Wong
Game ?!
Personality
The most adequate conceptualization of a

persons behavior in all its details. (Menninger
1953)
It is our conviction that no substantive definition
of personality can be applied with any generality
and the particular empirical concepts which are
part of the theory of personality employed by the
observer (Hall and Lindzey)
Personality Definition [Cont...]
Personality as an individuals unique

constellation of psychological traits and states
(Cohen & Swerdlik)
Traits, types and states
- Dianne Galinato
Traits
distinguishing characteristics or qualities

possessed by the individual.
dimensions of individual differences in

tendencies to show consistent patterns of
thoughts, feelings and actions.
Types
general description of a person.

States
temporary behavioral tendency.

PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT
.measurement and evaluation of

psychological traits, states, values, interests,
attitudes, worldview, acculturation, personal
identity, sense of humor, cognitive and
behavioral styles, and/or related individual
characteristics.
Personality assessments:
some basic questions
- Lianne Joy Modina
WHO is actually being assessed?
THE SELF - people typically

undergo personality
assessment so that they, and
the assessor, may learn
something about who they are.
WHO is actually being assessed?
Third point of view - a different person ,

weather parents (usually mother),
teachers, peers, etc. that knows the
assesse well is asked to relay information
about the assessed
WHAT is assessed when a personality
assessment is conducted?
Test takers personality

WHERE are personality
assessments conducted?
Schools
Clinics or hospitals
Employment counselling
Offices of psychologist or counsellors.
HOW are personality assessments
structured and conducted?
Scope
Theory
Developing Instruments to
Assess Personality
-Kienna Mae Perez &
Marie Eugenie Amaro
Instruments:
Logic
Theory
Data Reduction Methods
Criterion Groups
Logic and Reason
May dictate what content is covered by
the items.
The use, if this in development test items
is sometimes referred to as the content or
content-oriented approach to test
development.
Logic and Reason [Cont]
Evaluation of Anorexic Tendencies Test

(EATT)
the purpose of this is to identify people who
are at high risk for developing anorexia
nervosa.
the content of the test items would relate to
what is known about this eating disorder.
The fruit of your efforts might be a list of yes/no

questions, a sample if which might look something
like this:
1. Is your current weight at least 85% of expected body

weight for your age and height?
2. Do you fear gaining weight?
3. Do you perceive your body as abnormal in any way?
In such environments, the preferred use of

psychological tests is to identify conditions
of "medical necessity" and the quicker and
less expensive the test, the better the
insurer likes it.
Typical companions to logic, reason, and
intuition in item development are research
and clinical experience.
Theory
Personality measures differ in the extend

to which they rely on a particular theory of
personality in their development as well as
their interpretation.
Theory [Cont...]
For example, if, instead of logic and

reason, psychoanalytic theory was the
guiding force behind the development if
the hypothetical "EATT" the items might
be quite different.
Theory [Cont...]
For example, based on the psychoanalytic

notion that people with anorexia nervosa
are unconsciously attempting to fade
away into abscurity, EATT items might
attempt to evaluate this possibility. Given
that dreams are thought to reveal
unconscious motivation
Theory [Cont...]
Example of yes/no item that might be

found on a version of the EATT derived
from psychoanalytic theory:
-Have you ever dreamed that you were

fading away?
Theory [Cont...]
One theory-based test in current usage

today is the Self-Directed Search (SDS)
which is a measure of one's interests as
well as one's perceived abilities.
-by: John Holland and his associates
based on Hollands Theory of Vocational
Personality
Theory [Cont...]
SDS- a rarity among widely used tests in

many respects. It is self-administered,
self-scored, and self-interpreted.
represents another class of widely used

tool in contemporary test development.
It include several types if statistical
techniques collectively known as factor
analysis or cluster analysis.
[Cont...]
One use of data reduction methods in the
design of personality measures is to aid in
the identification of the minimum number
of variables if factors that account for the
inter -correlations in observed phenomena
THE BIG FIVE COMPARED
TO CATTELL'S FIVE
The Big Five:
Extraversion
Neuroticism
Openness
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
THE BIG FIVE COMPARED TO
CATTELL'S FIVE [cont...]
Cattells Five (circa 1960)

Introversion/Extraversion
Low Anxiety/High Anxiety
Tough- Mindness/Receptivity
Independence/Accommodation
Low Self-Control/High Self-Control
Criterion Groups
Criterion - standard on which a judgment
or decision can be made
Criterion Groups [Cont...]
Criterion Groups - reference group of

test takers who share specific
characteristics and whose responses to
test items serve as a standard according
to which items will be included in or
discarder from the final version of a scale
Empirical Criterion Keying - process of

using criterion groups to develop test
items
Create a large preliminary pool of test items from
which the test items for the final form of the test
will be selected.
Administer the preliminary pool of items to at

least two groups of people.
Group 1: Criterion Group (Possess the trait being
measured)
Group 2: Randomly Selected Group (May or may not
posses the trait being measured)
Conduct an item analysis to select items

indicative of membership in the criterion
groups.
Obtain data on test performance from a
standardization sample of test takers who
are representative of the population from
which future test takers will come.
Test performance
may be used for this purpose if deemed
appropriate
become the standard against which future test
takers will be evaluated
"But what about that initial pool of items?

How is it created?"
Test Developer
- reviews
- logic or reason alone
- let imagination loose
1930's
Team of Researchers
Paper-and-Pencil test
Reliability (psychiatric diagnosis)
"Preliminary pool of test

- administered:
1. to several criterion groups of adult impatients

(each group homogenous with respect to
psychiatric diagnosis)
2. to a group of randomly selected normal adults
Medical and Psychiatric Inventory
1943 - University of Minnesota Press

published the test under a new name, the
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory (MMPI)
Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory (MMPI)
John Charnley McKinley
(psychiatrist/neurologist)
- contained 566 true/false items
- designed as an aid to psychiatric
diagnosis with adolescents and adults 14
years of age and older
- selection of test items: review of textbooks,

psychiatric reports, and previously published
personality test items
- approach: based on logic and reason with
an emphasis on item content
(Table: The Clinical Groups for MMPI Scales)
Clinical Scales - popular diagnostic

categories in the 1930's
- members: met the
criteria for inclusion in the category
named in the scale
- items: derived empirically by
administration to clinical criterion
groups* and normal control groups*.
*Criterion groups - frown from a population of people presumed to

be members of a group with shared diagnostic label
*Control Group - normal (non-diagnosed) people who
ostensibly received no such experimental treatment
Normal Control Groups - standardization
sample consisted of approximately 1,500
subjects.
Scale 0 (Social Introversion)
clinical criterion group were college

students who had earned extreme
scores on a measure of introversion-
extroversion
Scale 5 (Masculinity-
feminity)
not originally designed to measure masculinity
or feminity
originally measured to differentiate
heterosexual from homosexual males
test developers added items that discriminated
between normal males (soldiers) and females
(airline personnel)
some items : obtained from the Attitude
Interest
Hathaway and McKinley
(1943)
built into the MMPI the three validity
scales:
L scale (Lie Scale)
F scale (the Frequency, or perhaps more
accurately, the Infrequency scale)
K (Correction) scale
The three validity scales
L Scale - contains 15 items that are
somewhat negative but that apply to most
people
F Scale - contains 64 items that are: (1)
infrequently endorsed by members of
nonpsychiatric populations (normal
people) and (2) do not fit into any known
pattern of deviance
[cont]
K scale - sometimes, used to correct
scores on five of the clinical scales
- scores are statistically corrected for
an individual's over willingness or
unwillingness to admit deviancy
[cont]
K score - reflection of the frankness of the test taker's
self-report
- elevated: associated with defensiveness and
the desire to present a favorable impression -
low: associated with excessive self-criticism, desire to
detail deviance, or desire to fake bad
- true response to item: "I certainly feel useless
at times" and a false response to "At times I am full of
energy" would be scored here
[cont]
Cannot Say - also referred to as the ?
(question mark) scale
- frequency count of number of items to
which the examinee responded cannot say or
failed to mark any response
- reasons for the items to be omitted or
marked cannot say: respondent indecisiveness,
defensiveness, carelessness, and lack of
experience relevant to item
Other clinical and validity
scales
Content Scale - Wiggins Content

Scales
- composed of test items of similar
content
Other clinical and validity scales
[cont]
Supplementary Scales - catch-all phrase

for the hundreds of different MMPI scales
that have been developed since the test's
publication
Other clinical and validity scales
[cont]
Harris-Lingoes subscales - or the Harris
Scales
- set of supplementary scales widely
available to test users
- groupings of items into subscales
(with labels such as Brooding and Social
Alienation) that were designed to be more
internally consistent than the umbrella scale
from which the subscale was derived
MMPI
- administered by paper and pencil
(before)
- today, administered by many methods:
online, offline on disk, or by index cards
- for semiliterate test takers : audio version
is available (with instructions on
audiocassette)
MMPI
- test takers respond to items by answering true
or false. Items left unanswered are construed as
cannot say
- sixth-grade reading level : required to
understand all items, no time limit, time required
to administer 566 items is typically between 60
and 90 minutes
MMPI
Paul Meehl (1951) - proposed a 2-point
code derived from the numbers of the
clinical scales on which the testtaker
achieved the highest (most pathological)
scores
MMPI
Welsh codes - (created by George
Welsh and not because they were written
in Welsh)
- another popular approach to
scoring and interpretation
MMPI-2
the MMPI's general structure, as well as it
administration, scoring, and interpretation, is
applicable to the MMPI-2
most significant difference between the two tests
(MMPI and MMPI-2) is the more representative
standardization sample (or the normal control
group) used in the norming of the MMPI-2
MMPI-2
contains a total of 567 true/false items,
including 394 items that are identical to
the original MMPI items, 66 items that
were modified or rewritten, and 107 new
items
suggested age range of testtakers : 18
years old and older (as compared to
MMPI which is 14 years old and older)
MMPI-2
reading level required : sixth grade
(same as for the MMPI)
it may also be administered online, offline
by paper and pencil, or by audiocassette
takes about the same length of time to
administer (also between 60 and 90
minutes)
MMPI-2
Ten clinical scales of MMPI and MMPI-2
are identical (also the policy of referring to
it by number)
Content component scales were added
to the MMPI-2 to provide more focused
indices of content (eg. Family Problems
content is subdivided into Family Discord
and Familial Alienation content)
MMPI-2
James Butcher- senior author of MMPI-2
- developed another validity scale after
the publication of that test; the S scale
Three Additional Validity
Scales:
Three original validity scales of the MMPI

are included in the MMPI-2 PLUS
The three additional validity scales:
1. Back-Page Infrequency Scale -
contains items seldom endorsed by test
takers who are candid, deliberate, and
diligent in their approach to the test
Scales: [cont]
2. TRIN Scale - designed to identify
acquiescent and nonacquiescent
response patterns
- contains 23 pairs of items
worded in opposite forms
- consistency in responding: eg.
true response to the first item in the pair is
followed by a false response to the
second item in the pair

Scales: [cont]
3. VRIN Scale - designed to identify

indiscriminate response patterns
- also made up of item pairs,
each item in the pair worded in the
either opposite or similar forms
Scales: [cont]
S scale- a validity scale designed to

detect self-presentation in a superlative
manner
MMPI-A (Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory-Adolescent
478-item, true/false test designed for use in clinical,

counseling, and school settings for the purpose of
assessing psychopathology and identifying personal,
social, and behavioral problems
MMPI-A (Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory-Adolescent
the individual items in MMPI-A (clinical

and validity scales) largely parallel the
MMPI-2, although there are 88 fewer
items
*some of the MMPI-2 items were
discarded, others were rewritten, and
some completely new ones were added
MMPI-A
designed for administration to test takers in the 14- to
18-year-old age range who have at least a sixth
grade reading ability
also available for administration by computer, by paper
and pencil, and by audiocassette
MMPI-A
time required for an administration of all items :
between 45 and 60 minutes
it contains 16 basic scales: 10 Clinical Scales

(identical in name and number to those of the
MMPI-2) and 6 Validity Scales (total of 8
Validity Scales, given that the F scale is
subdivides into F, F1, and F2 scales
Validity Scales:
Variable Response Inconsistency (VRIN)
True Response Inconsistency (TRIN)
Infrequency (F)
Infrequency 1 (F1, specifically applicable to
the clinical scales)
Validity Scales: [cont]
Infrequency 2 (F2, specifically applicable to

the content and supplementary scales)
Lie (L)
Defensiveness (K)
Cannot Say (?)
in addition to basic Clinical and Validity
Scales, the MMPI-A contains 6
Supplementary Scales (dealing with areas
such as alcohol and drug use, immaturity,
anxiety, and repression), 15 Content Scales
(Conduct Problems and School Problems), 28
Harris-Lingoes scales, and 3 scales
labeled Social Introversion
as with MMPI-2, uniform T (UT) scales

were employed for use with all the Content
Scales and 8 of the Clinical Scales
(Scales 5 and 0 excluded), to make
percentile scores comparable across
scales
The MMPI and its
revisions in perspective
MMPI-2 and MMPI-A revision processes
had two seemingly contrary objectives
to keep the revision as similar as possible
to the original, for the purpose of retaining
the applicability and relevance of the
many research studies that employed the
MMPI
to change the original test to respond to
the many constructive criticisms leveled at
the original over the years.
Personality Assessment and
Culture
-Lauriane Desingano
Acculturation and Related
consideration
Acculturation is an ongoing process by
which an individuals thoughts, behaviors,
values, worldview and identify develop in
relation to the general thinking, behaviour,
customs, and values of a particular
cultural group.
consideration [Cont...]
Process of acculturation
- begins at birth, at time at which the
new born infants family or caretakers serve
as agents of the culture.
consideration [Cont...]
Agents of Acculturation
other family members
Teachers
Peers
books, films, theatre, newspaper, television,
and radio programs, and other media
METHODS
METHODS
Objective Methods
-Laurianne Desingano
& Jay Wong
Test of Personality
Objective
Projective
Objective Personality Test
Test Feature:
Standardized
Unambiguous Test Items
Typically written
Types of responses:
Multiple choices
True/ False options
Likert- Scale ratings
Objective Personality Test
Test Questionnaire:
Written
The Items include the clients own behavior,
feelings, tendencies, or preferences
The methods of data collection is Self- Report
Scoring:
Uniform
METHODS
Projective Methods
-Queene Diane Armonia
Jay Wong
Projective Methods
Look at the
BLACKBOARD!!!
Projective Method
A technique of personality assessment in
which some judgment of the assessees
personality is made on the basis of
performance on task that involves
supplying some sort of structure to
relatively unstructured or incomplete
stimuli.
Projective hypothesis:
Holds that an individual supplies structure to

unstructured stimuli in a manner consistent with
the individuals own unique pattern of conscious
and unconscious needs, fears, desires,
impulses, conflicts, and ways of perceiving and
responding.
Projective Stimulus/ Stimuli
Cloud Picture Test
Created by Wilhelm Stern in 1937
One of the first projective techniques
People were shown pictures of clouds and

asked what they saw in them. Their responses
were analyzed for clues about their personality.
Projective Stimuli used:
Inkblots
Pictures
Words
Drawings
Other things
Projective Test(s)
indirect methods of personality

assessment
the most important things about an

individual are what he cannot or will not
say
Projective Techniques:
Technique of choice for focusing on the
individual from a purely clinical
perspectivea perspective that examined
the unique way an individual projects onto
an ambiguous stimulus his way of seeing
life, his meanings, significances, patterns
and especially his feelings (Frank, 1939,
p. 403)
INKBLOTS
as Projective stimuli
Hermann Roschach
Hermann Rorschach (1884- 1922)
Swiss Psychiatrist
His father had been an art teacher.
Interested in art and psychoanalysis (particularly the
work of C. Jung)
In 1913, Rorschach published papers on how analysis of
a patients artwork could provide insights to personality.
Rorschachs inkblot test was published in 1921.
Form interpretation test
In 1921, he published his monograph on the technique,
Psychodiagnostics
Rorschachs Inkblot Test
10 bilaterally symmetrical inkblots on

separate card
5 black and white (achromatic)
2 black, white, and red

3 multicolour
Inkblots: Initial Administration
Presented to the test taker one at a time in

numbered order from 1 to 10
What might this be?
Record response verbatim:
Include time until response
Position of card, spontaneous statements,
nonverbal gestures or body movements.
No discussion of examinees responses
Inkblots: Inquiry (2nd administration)
During the inquiry, the examiner attempts to

determine what features of the inkblot played a
role in formulating the test takers percepts
(perception of an image)
What made it look like ______? Or How do

you see____?
Clarify initial responses and determine which aspects
of inkblot were most influential
Inkblots: Inquiry (2nd administration)
(Cont)
The inquiry provides information that is

useful in scoring and interpreting the
responses
Determine if the examinee remembers
initial responses and if original response is
still seen
Inkblots: Testing the Limits
(3rd Administration)
Ask specific questions to get additional
information about personality functioning
Identify confusion/ misunderstanding

about the task
Determine if examinee is able to do better

with more testing structure
Inkblots: Scoring Categories
Location
Part of inkblot utilized
Entire blot, large or small section, minute detail,
white space
Determinants
Qualities of the inkblot
Form, color, shading, movement
Inkblots: Scoring Categories
(Cont)
Content
Content category of response
Human figures, animal figures, blood, sexual responses, etc.
Popularity
Frequency of response
Form
How accurately the individuals perception matches or
fits the corresponding part of the inkblot
Form level: adequate or inadequate good or poor
Inkblots: Interpretation of Scores
Generate hypotheses based on patterns

of response, recurrent themes and
interrelationships among scoring
categories.
Inkblots: Interpretation of Scores
Whole responses- conceptual thought

processes
Form- reality testing
Human movement- imagination
Color- emotional reactivity
Inkblots: Psychometric Properties
Split- half and test- retest methods are not

feasible.
Inter- scorer reliability (with respect to

categories) is acceptable.
Inter- scorer reliability (with respect to

interpretation) is not always acceptable
Inkblots: Psychometric Properties
(Cont)
Convergent validity of .41

WAIS- .62
MMPI- .46
PICTURES
as Projective Stimuli
Pictures as Projective Stimuli
Variety of pictures utilized:

Real people, animals, objects, paintings,
drawings, etching or anything.
First used in 1907:

Differences reported in responses of boys and
girls to 9 pictures
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Originally designed as an aid to elicit

fantasy material from patients in
psychoanalysis
Stimulus material consisted 31 cards:
(Cont)
30 black and white cards
Have variety of scenes
certain classical human situation
Pictures contain a lone individual, some contain
group of people and some contain no people
Pictures appear as real photo/ surrealistic
drawings
Describe story (beginning, middle and end)
(Cont)
1 blank card
Imagine picture on card and tell related story
TAT Manual
Examiners attempt to find out the source
of examinees story
Apperception derived from apperceive,

which may be defined to perceive in
terms of past perceptions
TAT: Administration
A set of 20 cards is recommended, but the
number may vary based on length of
stories
Some cards are suggested for use with adult
males, adult females, or both
Some cards are best used with children,
however, all cards may be administered to
any subject
TAT Conclusions
Based on:
Stories told by examinee.(1)
Clinicians notes: (2)
Examinees response to the cards
Extra- test behavior and verbalization
Analysis of story requires special training
TAT Interpretation
Murray concepts:
Need determinants of behavior arising from
within the individual.
Press- determinants of behavior arising from

within the environment
Thema- interaction between need and press

TAT Interpretation
Basic Assumptions:
Examinee is identifying with protagonist in the
story.
Examinees concerns, hopes and desires are
reflected in the protagonists needs, demands,
and conflicts.
That is, examinees personality is projected
onto the protagonist.
TAT Psychometric Properties
Reliability:
Split- half, test- retest, and alternate form
reliability measures are not appropriate
Inter- rater reliability is acceptable

Situational factors that may affect test

responses:
Examiner
Test Administration
Delivery of instructions
Transient internal need state (such as hunger,
thirst, etc.)
Stimulus pull
Desire to fake good or bad.
Validity:
Conflicting opinions concerning the validity of
assumptions and the various application
(interpretation)
Other tests using pictures as
projective stimuli
The Hand Test (Wagner, 1983)
The Hand Test (Wagner, 1983)
Consists of 10 cards
9 Pictures of the hands
1 blank card
Imagine a pair of hands on the card and then describe
what they might be doing
Picture Frustration Study
(Rosenzweig, 1945, 1978)
Employs cartoons depicting frustrating
situation
Testtakers task is to fill in the response of the
cartoon figure being frustrated
Who?
Children (respond orally to the pictures)
Adult(respond either orally or writing)
Inquiry period to clarify responses
Scoring:
Types of reaction elicited (categories)
Obstacle Dominance- which the response
concentrates on the frustrating barrier
Ego Defense- in which attention is focused on

protecting the frustrated person
Need persistence- in which attention is

focused on solving the frustrating problem
Direction of aggression
Intropunitive aggression turned inward
Extrapunitive- outwardly expressed
Inpunitive- aggression is evaded so as

to avoid or gloss over the situation
Group Conformity rating
Apperception Personality Test
(APT; Karp et al., 1990)
Introduce objectivity in scoring system
8 stimulus cards with recognizable people in everyday

settings, more upbeat than TAT
Telling a story orally or writing
Multiple questions fill in the gap
Responses are subjected and be scored and

interpreted with computer software
WORD
as Projective Stimuli
WORD as Projective Stimuli
Word Association Test
Sentence Completion Test

Word Association Test
Projective technique of personality
assessment that entails the presentation
of a list of stimulus words, to each of
which assessee responds verbally or
writting.
How ?
Word
Stimulus Interpretation of the
respond
Assessee First word

comes to mind
(respond)
Origin of
WORDS ASSOCIATION TEST
Galton was the first formulate word

association test
Cattell and Bryant -1st use of cards with
stimulus
Kraeplin studied the effect of physical
states on words association.
[cont...]
Jung developed word association by

choosing certain key words that represent
possible area of conflict.
Rapaport, Gill and Schafer inspired by
Jung experiment.
Created the WORD ASSOCIATION TEST
Different Word as Projective
Stimulus
Word association test
By Rapaport, Gill, Schafer
Consisted of 60 words, some considered as:
Neutral (Chair, Book, Water, Dance, Taxi)
Traumatic words that are likely to touch
sensitive personal material according to clinical
experience (Love, Girlfriend, Mother, Father ,
Suicide, Fire, Breast, and Masturbation)
Consisted of three parts
- Three Parts of WAS
First Part - Each words was administered

to the examinee, who had been
instructed to respond quickly with the
first word came in mind.
Record: length of time it took the subject to respond to
each item.
[cont...]
Second Part The examinee was
instructed to reproduce the
ORIGINAL response.
Record: Deviation between the original and the second
part. And the length of time before reacting.
Third Part inquiry. Clarifying the
relationship of stimulus words to the
response
Word as Projective Stimulus
Kent- Rosanoff Free Association Test
One of the earliest attempts at developing
standardized test on Words as Projective
Stimulus
Consisting of 100 Stimulus Words
1. I feel that my father seldom
Sa aking palagay, ang aking ama ay bihirang
2. When the odds are against me,
Kung may mga suliranin,
3. I always wanted to
Sa simula pa ay gusto ko namg maging
4. If I were in charge
Kung ako ang namamahala
5. To me, the future looks
Sa palagay ko ang aking hinarap ay
MOST VULNERABLE OF ALL PROJECTIVE METHODS
Useful for obtaining:
Individual interest
Educational aspirations
Future goals
Fear
Conflicts
Needs
Etc,.
Sentence Completion Stems the first part of the
item.
Different Sentence Completion
Tests
Washington University SCT

- Constructed to assess self concept
according to Loevingers Theory
Different Sentence Completion
Tests
Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank

- with 40 incomplete sentence items in
a way to express their real feelings
- Is available in 3 levels gr.9-12,
gr. 13-16, adult
Categories family attitudes, social and
sexual attitudes, general attitudes, and
character traits. (evaluated by 7 point
scale from need for therapy to extremely
good adjustment)
SOUNDS
as Projective Stimulus
SOUNDS as Projective Stimulus
B.F. Skinner he thinks of application of
sounds in the elicitation of latent verbal
behavior that was significant in the Freudian
sense
Verbal Summator device producing series of
recorded sounds much like spoken vowels
Tautophone verbal summator renamed by
Saul Rosenzweig and David Shakow did
some research
SOUNDS as Projective Stimulus
[cont...]
Saul Rosenzweig and David Shakow

discovered that the device could
differentiate betweenn members of clinical
and non-clinical groups.
Other Sounds Stimulus Test
Auditory Apperception Test subject
task was to respond by creating a story
based on three sounds played on a
phonograph record.
Azzageddi Test subject were presented
a spoken pharagraphs.
Why arent test publisher punching
out CDs with projective test?
1.The test proved not to differentiate

between different groups of subject who
took it.
2.Response to the auditory stimuli lacked
the complexity and richness of responses.
3.None of the available scoring systems
was very satisfactory.
Production of
Figure Drawings
Production of Figure Drawings
THE ANALYSIS OF DRAWING

Quick
Easily Administered
Easy use because the instruction for them
can be administered individually or in a group
by non- clinician such as teachers, and no
materials other than pencil and paper.
Figure Drawing Test
A projective method of personality

assessment that entails the production of
a drawing by the assessee.
Different Figure Drawing Tests
Draw A Person (DAP)
House- Tree- Person Test (HTP)
Kinetic Family Drawing (KFD)
Family Drawing Test
Kinetic School Drawing (KSD)
Draw A Person: Screening Procedure for
Emotional Disturbances (DAP:SPED)
In the drawings of young children, a close
relationship exists between concept
development and general intelligence.
To the child, drawing is a form of expression
rather than a representation of beauty.
A child draws what he knows, not what he sees.
The child exaggerates the size of objects which
seem interesting or important.
Marked sex differences, usually in favor of the
girls, are frequently observed.
Draw A Person (DAP)
1. Give pencil and blank sheet instruct to draw a

person.
2. Say that Make it the way you should be or
Do the best you can so examinee would
know how should they draw.
3. Immediately after the drawing instruct to draw
opposite sex that of the person just drawn.
4. Then clinician would ask about the person
drawn.
Why a Man?
Familiarity
Consistency
Simple and Complicated
Universal Interest
Factors Considered to evaluate
the DAP:
Length of time to complete the figure

Pencil pressure used
Symmetry
Line quality
Shading
Factors Considered to evaluate
the DAP:[cont...]
The presence of erasures

Facial expressions
Posture
Clothing
Overall Appearance
Placement
Characteristics
Age: 7 years
Raw Score: 41
Standard Score:
141
Percentile: 99
House- Tree- Person test (HTP)
Examinee was asked to draw a picture of

a house, a tree, and a person.
Human Figure were presumed to be
reflective of psychological functioning
House and Tree individual represents a
house and a tree are considered
symbolically significant.
Person
Who is this person, how old are they, what's their

favorite thing to do, what's something they do
not like, has anyone tried to hurt them, who
looks out for them?
House
Who lives here, are they happy, what goes

on inside, what's it like at night, do people
visit here, what else do the people in the
house want to add to the drawing?
Tree
What kind of tree is this, how old is it, what

season is it, has anyone tried to cut it
down, what else grows nearby, who
waters the tree, trees need sunshine to
live so does it get enough sunshine?
Kinetic Family Drawing (KFD)
Derived from Husles Family Drawing Test

Steps
1.Give pencil and blank sheet instruct to
draw a person.
2.Examinee were asked to draw everyone in
his/ her family including he/she DOING
SOMETHING (not stick people or
cartoon).
3. He/ She were asked to identify each of
the figures, and about his/ her relationship
and what are they doing in the picture..
Evaluation
Theres an available formal

scoring system for KFD.
Kinetic School Drawing (KSD)
Adaptation of KFD in school setting.

Kinetic Drawing System - Combine KFD
and KSD
Draw A Person: Screening Procedure
For Emotional Disturbance
For ages 6 17.
Design to screen test takers for emotional
problems.
Scoring was based on the assumption that the
rendering of unusual features in figure drawings
signals emotional problems, 1 point is scored
for each time.
Projective Methods in
Perspective
Projective Methods in
Perspective
Assumptions
Situational Variables
Psychometric Consideration
Assumptions
Several assumptions concern the stimulus

material
More ambiguous the stimuli, the more subjects
reveal about their personality
Situational Variables
Projective tests are capable of illuminating
the recesses of the mind
The responses of subjects have affected
by situational variables (examiner
presence or absence)
Psychometric Considerations
There are methodological obstacles in

researching projective, as many test-
retest or split- half methods are
inappropriate
Academicians vs. Clinicians

Psychometric Considerations
These leads to the study of personality have

been rejected by many psychologists because
they do not meet psychometric requirements for
validity and reliability but they are being
employed in association with clinical and other
studies of personality where they are finding
increasing validation in consistency of results for
the same subject when independently assayed
by each of these procedures (Frank, 1939)
Factors to Consider in Selecting
Tests
- Queene Diane Armonia
Referral Question
The Clients Culture and Language
The Clients Age
Time Restrictions
What to include in the Assessment
Report and How to include it
- Dianne Galinato
Objective Test Projective Test
1. How much background

information should I include
about each test?
2. How should I organize

results of a particular test?
3. To what extent should my

report incorporate
behavioral observation?
Behavioral Assessment Methods
- Rose Ann Saravia

The Who, What, When, Where,
Why and How of It?
Who?
Who is assessed?
For example, a client seeking for help or a
subject in an academic experiment.
Who is the assessor?
maybe a highly qualified professional or a
technicians/assistant trained to conduct a
particular assessment
What?
What is measured in Behavioral
assessment?
The behavior or behaviors targeted for
assessment will vary as a function of the
objectives of the assessment. For the
purposes of the assessments, the target
behavior must be measurable.
When?
When is the assessment of behavior
made?
One response in this question is that
assessment of behavior is typically made at
times when the problem behavior is most
likely elicited.
Where?
Where does the assessment takes place?
In contrast to the administration of
psychological tests, behavioral assessment
may take place just about anywhere.
Preferably in the place or environment where
the targeted behavior is most likely occur.
Why?
Why conduct a behavioral assessment?
Data derived from behavioral assessment can
be used;
To provide behavioral baseline data with which
other behavioral data may be compared.
To provide record of assesses behavioral strengths
and weaknesses across a variety of situations.
To pinpoint a environmental conditions that are
acting to trigger, maintain or extinguish certain
behaviors.
How?
How is the behavioral assessment
conducted?
According to the purpose of the assessment.
In some situations, the only specific
equipment required will be a trained observer
with pad and pencil. In other situations, highly
sophisticated recording equipment maybe
necessary.
Approaches to Behavioral
Assessment
Behavioral observations and behavioral
rating scales
Analogue studies
Self- monitoring
Situational performing methods.
Behavioral Observations
This technique entails watching the

activities of targeted clients or research
subject typically maintaining some kind of
record of the clients activities
Behavioral Observations
Factors noted in behavioral observation:

presence or absence of targeted behavior,
behavioral excesses
behavioral deficits
behavioral assets
situational antecedents and consequences of
the emitted behaviors.
Behavioral Rating Scales
A preprinted sheet in which the observer

notes the presence or intensity of the
targeted behaviors usually by checking
boxes or filling in coded terms.
Indirect and Direct
Example:
assessing a fighters actions and reactions
while in fighting is direct measure of fighting
ability and asking a fighter for her/his action
and reaction in fighting would give indirect
measure.
Self- monitoring
define as the act of systematically

observing and recording aspects of ones
own behavior and events related to that
behavior.
Self monitoring and Self report
self monitoring relies on observations of

clinical interest at the time and place of its
actual occurrence while self report uses in
stands-in or surrogates verbal
descriptions, report of the behavior of
interest that obtained a time and place
different from time and place of the
behaviors actual occurrence.
Analogue Studies
The specific term to analogue study is

Analogue behavioral observation, it is
defined as observation of a person or
persons in an environment designed to
increase the chance that the assessor can
be observe targeted behaviors and
interactions
Analogue Studies
The person or persons in the definition is

the client
The target behavior is depend on the
objectives of the subject
Situational Performing Measure
a procedure that allows for observation

and evaluation of an individual under a
standard set of circumstances. A
situational performance measure typically
involves performance of some specific
task under actual or situated conditions
Example:
The road test you took to obtain your drivers
license was a situational performance
measures that entailed an evaluation of you
driving skills in real car, on real road and in
real traffic.
Leaderless group technique a

situational assessment procedure wherein
several people are organized into a group
for the purpose of carrying out a task as
an observer records information related to
individual group members initiative,
cooperation, leadership and related
variables.
Role play
Acting of improvised or partially

improvised part in a simulated situation
can be used in teaching, therapy and
assessment.
It can provide a relatively inexpensive,
highly adaptable means of assessing
various behavior potentials.
Psychophysiological Method
The search for clues and understanding

and predicting human behavior has led
researches to the study of physiological
indices such as heart rate and blood
pressure. These and other indices are
known to be influenced by psychological
factors.
Psychophysiological Method
The term Psychophysiological describes

these variables as well as methods used
to study them. These techniques tend to
be associated with behaviorally oriented
clinicians and researchers.
Psychophysiological Methods
used:
Biofeedback is a generic term that may

defined broadly as a class of
psychophysiological assessment
techniques designed to gauge, display
and record a continuous monitoring of
selected biological process.
used:
Plethysmograph - the instrument that

records changes in the volume of a part of
the body arising from various blood
supplies.
used:
Lie detector test or a polygraph-the

popular and best known of all Psycho
physiological measurement tools.
Unobtrusive measures
is a telling physically trace record.

do not necessarily require the presence or
cooperation of respondents when
measurements are being conducted.
THANK YOU!

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THE ASSESSMENT OF

The most adequate conceptualization of a

Personality as an individuals unique

distinguishing characteristics or qualities

dimensions of individual differences in

general description of a person.

temporary behavioral tendency.

.measurement and evaluation of

THE SELF - people typically

Third point of view - a different person ,

Test takers personality

Evaluation of Anorexic Tendencies Test

The fruit of your efforts might be a list of yes/no

1. Is your current weight at least 85% of expected body

In such environments, the preferred use of

Personality measures differ in the extend

For example, if, instead of logic and

For example, based on the psychoanalytic

Example of yes/no item that might be

-Have you ever dreamed that you were

One theory-based test in current usage

SDS- a rarity among widely used tests in

represents another class of widely used

Cattells Five (circa 1960)

Criterion Groups - reference group of

Empirical Criterion Keying - process of

Administer the preliminary pool of items to at

Conduct an item analysis to select items

"But what about that initial pool of items?

"Preliminary pool of test

1. to several criterion groups of adult impatients

Criterion Groups [Cont...]

Medical and Psychiatric Inventory

1943 - University of Minnesota Press

- selection of test items: review of textbooks,

Clinical Scales - popular diagnostic

*Criterion groups - frown from a population of people presumed to

clinical criterion group were college

Content Scale - Wiggins Content

Supplementary Scales - catch-all phrase

Three original validity scales of the MMPI

Three Additional Validity

3. VRIN Scale - designed to identify

S scale- a validity scale designed to

478-item, true/false test designed for use in clinical,

the individual items in MMPI-A (clinical

it contains 16 basic scales: 10 Clinical Scales

Infrequency 2 (F2, specifically applicable to

as with MMPI-2, uniform T (UT) scales

Holds that an individual supplies structure to

One of the first projective techniques

People were shown pictures of clouds and

indirect methods of personality

the most important things about an

10 bilaterally symmetrical inkblots on

2 black, white, and red

Presented to the test taker one at a time in

During the inquiry, the examiner attempts to