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    Instruments For Tooth Structure Removal

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    myxzone
    The document discusses various types of operative instruments used in dentistry. It provides classifications of instruments according to their function, parts, design and use. Cutting instruments include hand instruments like hatchets, chisels and rotary instruments like burs. Other instruments are used for condensing, plastic procedures, finishing and isolation. Exploring instruments like mirrors and probes are also described. The document discusses the parts of instruments, their nomenclature, design principles and provides examples of specific instruments for cutting, restoration and rotary procedures.

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    Instruments For Tooth Structure Removal

    Uploaded by

    myxzone
    195 views50 pages
    The document discusses various types of operative instruments used in dentistry. It provides classifications of instruments according to their function, parts, design and use. Cutting instruments include hand instruments like hatchets, chisels and rotary instruments like burs. Other instruments are used for condensing, plastic procedures, finishing and isolation. Exploring instruments like mirrors and probes are also described. The document discusses the parts of instruments, their nomenclature, design principles and provides examples of specific instruments for cutting, restoration and rotary procedures.

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    Instruments for Tooth Structure Removal

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    The document discusses various types of operative instruments used in dentistry. It provides classifications of instruments according to their function, parts, design and use. Cutting instruments include hand instruments like hatchets, chisels and rotary instruments like burs. Other instruments are used for condensing, plastic procedures, finishing and isolation. Exploring instruments like mirrors and probes are also described. The document discusses the parts of instruments, their nomenclature, design principles and provides examples of specific instruments for cutting, restoration and rotary procedures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    195 views50 pages

    Instruments For Tooth Structure Removal

    Uploaded by

    myxzone
    The document discusses various types of operative instruments used in dentistry. It provides classifications of instruments according to their function, parts, design and use. Cutting instruments include hand instruments like hatchets, chisels and rotary instruments like burs. Other instruments are used for condensing, plastic procedures, finishing and isolation. Exploring instruments like mirrors and probes are also described. The document discusses the parts of instruments, their nomenclature, design principles and provides examples of specific instruments for cutting, restoration and rotary procedures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 50

    DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATIVE

    DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS

    OPERATIVE
    INSTRUMENTS

    CONTENTS
    Introduction
    Classifications of
    instruments
    Instrument parts
    Instrument
    nomenclature
    Instrument formula
    Exploring instruments
    Instrument design

    Restorative instruments
    Classification

    Types

    Dental burs

    Classification of burs

    Bur design

    conclusion

    Reference

    CLASSIFICATION
    GV BLACKS classification
    1.Cutting instruments
    a. Handcutting instruments
    -hatchets
    -chisels
    -hoes
    -excavators
    b. Rotary instruments
    - burs
    -stone
    -discs

    2. Condensing instruments
    a. pluggers
    -hand
    -mechanical
    3. Plastic instruments
    -plastic filling instruments
    -cement cariers
    - carvers
    - burnishers
    - spatulas

    4. Finishing and polishing instruments

    ROTARY
    HAND

    Finishing burs

    Orangewood sticks

    Polishing points

    Finishing strips

    Mounted brushes
    Mounted stones

    Rubber cups

    5. Isolation instruments

    Rubber dam
    Saliva ejector
    Cotton roll holder
    Evacuating tips and equipment

    6. Miscellaneous instruments

    mouth mirrors
    explorers
    probes
    scissors
    pliers
    others

    MARZOUCK CLASSIFICATION
    Exploring instruments
    - tweezers
    - Retractors
    - Probes
    - Separators

    Instruments for tooth structure removal


    a. hand cutting
    -excavators
    - chisels
    -special form of chisel
    b. handpiece
    -burs
    - ultrasonic

    INSTRUMENT PARTS.

    a. blade.
    b. shank.
    c. handle

    SHAFT
    Used

    as a handle , is straight without


    variations in size.

    It

    may be serrated to increase friction for hand


    gripping.

    SHANK
    It

    connects the handle to the blade.


    It is here where any angulation in the
    instrument can be given.

    BLADE
    It

    is the functional end of the instrument.It


    is connected to the handle by the shank.
    The blade ends in cutting edge.


    CUTTING
    It

    EDGE .

    is the working part of the


    instrument . It is usually in the
    form of a bevel with different
    shapes

    BLADE ANGLE.
    It

    is defined as the angle


    between the long axis of the
    blade and long axis of the
    shaft

    CUTTING

    EDGE ANGLE.

    It

    is defined as angle between


    the margin of the cutting edge
    and the long axis of the shaft
    .

    INSTRUMENT NOMENCLATURE
    G.

    V Black described dental instruments as


    follows.
    The order denotes the purpose of the
    instrument ,eg excavator , scaler .
    The suborder denotes the position or manner of
    use of the instrument ,e.g. push or pull.
    The class describes the form of the blade ,e.g.
    hatchet, chisel.
    The subclass denotes the angle or shape of the
    shank.e.g straight- no angle

    INSTRUMENT FORMULA

    The width of the blade in


    tenths of millimeters.
    The primary cutting edge angle
    formed between cutting edge
    and central axis of shaft.
    The length of the blade in
    millimeters.
    The blade angle in centigrade.

    EXPLORING INSTRUMENTS

    MOUTH MIRRORS
    TYPES OF MIRROR SURFACES

    1 a. front surface reflecting mirror


    b. rear surface reflecting mirror
    2. a. plane or flat surface
    b. concave surface
    3. a. one sided
    b. two sided

    USES

    Direct vision
    Indirect illuminaton
    Transillumination
    Retraction

    EXPLORER

    Diagnostic aid in evaluating condition of teeth especially in


    pits and fissures

    PARTS
    Straight explorer
    Shephereds crrok or curved explorer
    Interproximal explorer

    TWEEZERS
    They have angled tip and available in different sizes. They
    are used to place and remove cotton rolls and other small
    materials.
    PERIODONTAL PROBES
    They are used for measuring pocket depth.

    INSTRUMENT DESIGN.
    1.

    2.
    3.

    4.

    5.
    6.

    7.

    8.

    Direct cutting and lateral


    cutting instruments.
    Contrangling.
    Right and left
    instruments.
    Single bevelled
    instruments.
    Bibevelled instrument.
    Triple bevelled
    instruments.
    Circumferentially
    bevelled instruments.
    Single ended and double
    ended instruments.

    1.DIRECT CUTTING AND LATERAL


    CUTTING INSTRUMENTS.
    A direct

    cutting instrument :
    The force applied in the same plane as that of
    the blade and handle ; it is called single planed
    instrument.
    Have 2 or more curves or angles in their
    shanks ,and in the same plane as the handle.
    Used in direct or lateral cutting.

    Lateral cutting instruments:


    The force applied at a right angle to the
    plane of blade and handle.
    Are called double planed instruments
    Have an angle or curve in a plane at a right
    angle to that of handle.
    Used in lateral cutting.

    2.CONTRANGLING.

    Have one or more angles in


    shank placing the working point
    within 3mm from the axis of
    handle.

    This principle of design is called


    contrangling.

    A short blade and small blade


    angle requires only bi anglecontrangling .

    While longer blade and greater blade angles requires triple


    angle contrangling .

    3 .RIGHT AND LEFT INSTRUMENTS.


    Direct

    instruments are made either right or


    left by placing a bevel on one side of the
    blade.
    If the the cutting edge down and pointing
    away from the operator and the bevel is
    on the right side ,it will be right
    instrument.
    If the bevel is on the left ,it will be a left
    instrument.
    These are all single planed instruments.

    SINGLE ENDED AND DOUBLE ENDED


    INSTRUMENTS.
    Double

    ended instruments incorporating the right and


    left or the mesial and distal form of the instrument in
    the same handle.
    Single ended instrument have only one specific
    function.

    EXCAVATORS
    THESE ARE DESIGNED FOR EXCAVATION REMOVAL OF CARIOUS
    DENTIN AND FOR THE SHAPING OF THE INTERNAL PARTS OF CAVITIES.
    HOE EXCAVATOR.
    SPOON EXCAVATOR.
    DISCOID EXCAVATOR.
    CLEIOD EXCAVATOR.
    HATCHET EXCAVATOR.

    SPOON EXACAVATORS.

    A.bin-angle spoon

    B.Triple angle spoon

    C.spoon

    HOE EXCAVATOR.

    Used for cutting mesial and distal walls of


    premolars and molars.

    DISCOID EXCAVATOR

    These are disc like .


    Have a blade which is circular in shape.
    Cutting edge extending around the periphery except where it is
    joined to the shank.
    It is used for the same purpose and in the same manner as a spoon
    excavator.
    It is double planed instrument right or left cutting movements.

    CLEOID EXCAVATOR.
    It resembles a claw
    ,hence the name cleoid.
    It is essentially a spoon
    excavator except the
    blade comes to a point.
    It is double planed
    instrument with lateral
    cutting movements.
    Used in carving amalgam
    and excavating decay.

    CHISEL
    THESE ARE INTENDED FOR CUTTING ENAMEL. IT USUALLY BEVELLED ON ONE SIDE .

    STRAIGHT CHISEL.
    MONO ANGLE CHISELS.
    BI ANGLE CHISELS.
    TRIPLE ANGLE CHISELS.

    STRAIGHT CHISELS.
    Have a straight blade in line
    with the handle and shank.
    The cutting edge is on one side
    only, with the bevel of the hand
    running at a right angle to the
    shaft.

    They are single planed


    instruments
    with 5 possible cutting
    movements.

    The shank has one or more angles


    or curves. ENAMEL
    HATCHET.
    The blade is in same plane ,parallel
    with the shaft.
    Cutting edge is in the form of a
    bevel parallel to the shaft; either
    paired or may be bibevelled.
    These are single planed
    instruments with vertical, push,
    pull, and either right or left lateral
    cutting.
    Smaller size for anterior teeth,
    and larger size for posterior
    teeth

    SPECIAL FORMS OF CHISELS


    These designed to perform specific functions.
    ENAMEL HATCHETS.
    GINGIVAL MARGIN TRIMMERS.
    ANGLE FORMERS.
    WEDELSTEADT CHISELS.
    OFFSET HATCHETS.
    TRIANGULAR CHISELS.
    HOE CHISELS.
    HATCHETS OR OFFSET HATCHETS.

    GINGIVAL MARGINAL TRIMMERS.

    Similar to spoon excavators and


    the cutting edge similar to single
    bevelled hatchets.
    2 types are;
    1.

    2.

    Distal gingival margin


    trimmers.
    Mesial gingival margin
    trimmers.

    They are used for creating the


    proper bevel of the gingival
    floors and also for forming
    sharp angles in internal parts of
    cavity preparations.
    They are also used in pull and
    push motions.

    RESTORATIVE INSTRUMENTS
    CEMENT SPATULAS
    Several types of spatulas are available in the market
    differing in shape and size.
    On the basis of size, cement spatula can be classified into:
    - large
    - small

    PLASTIC FILLING INSTRUMENT

    These instruments have a small metal ball at the working


    end. They are used to mix, carry and place cements.
    CONDENSER

    It is used to deliver the restoration to the tooth preparation


    and for proper condensation

    AMALGAM CARRIERS
    To pack amalgam material in to the tooth preparation,
    amalgam carriers are used.
    They carry the freshly prepared restorative material in to the
    tooth.

    CARVERS
    They are used to contour the restoration.
    Sharp cutting edges present in carvers are used to sharpen
    and form tooth anatomy from a restoration.

    BURNISHERS
    For final condensation of amalgam
    Initial shaping of occlusal anatomy of amalgam
    COMPOSITE RESIN INSTRUMENT
    A wide range of double ended instruments are used
    to transport and place resins
    They are made up of plastic or titanium coating

    Those instruments which rotate on an axis to do the work of


    ROTARY CUTTING INSTRUMENTS
    abrading and cutting on tooth structure.

    TYPES :
    - Handpiece
    - Bur
    HANDPIECES

    The first rotary instruments were drill or bur heads that were
    twisted with the fingers for crude cutting of the tooth tissue

    TYPES OF HAND PIECE


    Contra-angle hand piece
    Head of handpiece is first angled away from and
    then back towards the long axis of the handle
    a.Airoter contraangle handpiece-it gets power from
    the compressed air supplied by the compressor. It
    has high speed and low torque.

    Micromotor handpiece

    In straight handpiece long axis of the bur lies in


    same plane as long axis of handpiece.

    DENTAL BURS
    It is a rotary cutting instrument which has bladed
    cutting edge.
    They are used to remove tooth structure either by
    chipping or grinding.

    CLASSIFICATION OF BURS

    According to mode of
    attachment

    latch type

    friction grip
    According to their
    composition

    stainless steel

    tungston carbide

    combination

    According to their motion


    right bur

    left bur

    According to the length of their head

    long
    short
    regular

    According to their use

    cutting burs

    finishing burs

    polishing burs

    According to their shape

    pear-shaped
    wheel shaped
    tapering fissure
    straight fissure
    end cutting bur

    round bur

    inverted cone bur

    BUR DESIGN
    BUR BLADE
    It is the projection on the bur head which forms a
    cutting edge.it has two surfaces
    rake face-surface of bur lade on the leading edge
    clearance face-surface of bur blade on the trailing
    edge

    RAKE ANGLE -angle between rake face and radial line


    Positive rake angle-when rake face trails the
    radial line.

    Negative rake angle-when rake face is ahead of


    radial line.

    Zero rake angle-when rake face and radial line


    coincide each other.

    RADIAL LINE
    It is the line connecting center of the bur and the
    blade.
    LAND
    It is the plane surface immediately following the cutting
    edge.
    CLEARANCE ANGLE
    This is the angle between the clearance face and the
    work.

    BLADE ANGLE

    it is the angle between the rake face and the clearance


    face.
    CONCENTRICITY

    it is a direct measurement of symmetry of the bur head.


    RUN-OUT
    it measures the accuracy with which all the tip of blades
    pass through a single point when bur is moving.

    REFERENCE
    1. Sturdevants art and science of operative
    dentistry.
    2. Marzouk.
    3. Nisha Garg

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