Learning - Remembering and Forgetting
Learning - Remembering and Forgetting
Learning - Remembering and Forgetting
Learning, Memory
and Forgetting
PART I: LEARNING
B.
Theories of Learning
I. Connectionism
Proposed by Edward Lee
Thorndike
Claims that all learning is explained
by selection and connections or
bonds formed between stimuli and
responses.
It is the process through which
associations take place through trial
and error.
Applied through the laws of
learning: (1) law of readiness, (2)
law of exercise and (3) law of effect.
A. Law of Readiness
Learning occurs when the learner is
physiologically and psychologically prepared.
Examples:
A five-year old kid cannot be expected to compete in
a 15-kilometer run because he is not yet mature for
the task.
A student who keeps on thinking on how to pass
his/her algebra subject cannot be expected to give
full concentration to his/her psychology class.
B. Law of Exercise
Mastery learning can take place
through repetitions and rehearsals.
Review is important to easily learn
new concepts, principles and rules.
Practice makes perfect.
Examples:
A student who answers the activity
questions after each chapter will most
likely remember important information
and get higher grades.
A taekwondo subordinate might be
able to beat his/her master if he/she
would continuously practice his/her
skills.
C. Law of Effect
Learning easily takes place if the consequence
of a certain response is favorable and
satisfying.
Examples:
A child who was given a reward for returning the wallet of
a stranger would feel good about him/herself and would
maintain honesty.
A student who gave the correct answer during recitation
and was commended by the teacher (e.g. saying Very
Good! or Thats correct!) would most likely recite again
and would study harder.
Schedules of reinforcement
can be either continuous or
intermittent:
Continuous reinforcement is
given after every response.
Intermittent reinforcement is
given in an irregular or
alternating pattern; can be
classified as interval or ratio.
Interval reinforcement a
scheduled reinforcement that takes
place at definite established time
intervals.
Ratio reinforcement a scheduled
reinforcement which occurs after a
certain number of responses.
Insight Learning
Insight is a kind of learning in
which solution to a problem
comes suddenly as one discerns
the pattern or interrelationship of
one aspect of the situation with
another (Bustos,A.1999).
Aha Experience human beings
who solve a problem insightfully
usually experience a good
feeling; we utter the word aha
as we suddenly see the answer
to a problem.
PART II:
MEMORY
I. Sensory Memory
A very brief storage that immediately follows the
initial stimulation of a receptor. Memories are
stored and held by the senses.
Various names of sensory memory based on
the sense that is used:
iconic memory holds visual information up to a
second.
echoic memory hold auditory information or sound
data for 1 to 2 seconds.
haptic memory for touch
gustic memory for taste
olfactic memory for smell
PART III:
FORGETTING
Theories of Forgetting
Forgetting the loss of information
previously stored in the long-term memory.
The theories of forgetting which try to
explain why people forget are:
Trace Decay Theory
Interference Theory
Deficient Memory
Amnesia refers to loss of memory. It also implies
cases wherein there is faulty encoding and storing
of information so that new memories cannot be
formed. It is a memory deficit due either to loss of
what has been stored in the brain or the inability to
form new information.
Amnesia can either be biological (e.g. concussion,
head injuries, drugs, organic brain disorders, lack of
blood supply) or psychological (e.g. dissociation).
Pay attention
Write it down
Rehearsal and repetition
Association
Visualization and formation of mental
image
Make use of memory aids like
mnemonics, keyword method and the like.
THANK YOU!