IGCSE Biology Transport in Humans Summary
IGCSE Biology Transport in Humans Summary
IGCSE Biology Transport in Humans Summary
By:
Adeline lauren
Jason Jayalie
Clarissa
Owen Jovian Ong
Geralvin Marcello Noralim Ruiz Orlando
Organism
Organisms can be classified as unicellular and
multicellular
Unicellular, consisting on a single cell ( most
bacteria )
Multicellular, consisting more than a single cell
( including plants and animals )
COMPOSITION OF
BLOOD
OWEN JOVIAN ONG
Main constituents of
blood
blood composition
Plasma
Red blood cell
White blood
cell
Platelets
45%
55%
plasma
blood
cells
PLASMA
Contains:
-Excretory products, for
example: urea, uric acid and
creatinine.
-Soluble proteins, such as
fibrinogen, prothrombin and 10%
antibodies.
90%
-food substances, such as
glucose, amino acids, fats and
vitamins.
-dissolved mineral salts, such
as chlorides, sulfates and
phosphates of calcium, sodium
and potassium.
plasma
water
complex
mixture
dissolve
d
substan
ces
phagocyte
PHAGOCYTES
Phagocytes kill by ingesting
foreign substances.
While phagocytosis is the
process of engulfing or
ingesting foreign particle.
LYMPHOCYTES
Has large rounded nucleus, they work by producing
antibodies to kill bacteria or foreign particle entering
our body
P L AT E L E T S O R T H R O M B O C Y T E S
they are not true cell
They are membrane
bound fragments of
cytoplasm from
certain bone marrow
cells.
They play the part in
blood clotting
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Functions of blood
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ya
Substances transported
by blood
Digested food
substances
Heat
Waste Products
Hormones
Oxygen
Functions of plasma
1. Carries blood
cell
How?
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Phagocytes Lymphocyte
Function of platelets
Main : To help in blood clotting to prevent
excessive blood loss
Process:
1st
4th
2nd
3rd
Summary
Plasma
Red
blood
cell
White
Platelets
blood cell
1. Carries blood
cell around the
body
1. Transport
oxygen to all
parts of our
body
1. Produce
antibodies to
protect our body
from diseases
2. Carries
different kinds of
substance
around the body
2. Carries
excretory
waste products
2. Digest
harmful particles
entering our
body
1. Helps in
blood clotting
to prevent
excessive
blood loss
Organ transplant
Organ transplant is a process when a persons
tissue or organ is damaged, it is replaced by
another tissue or organ from a donor
Tissue rejection
Tissue rejection occurs when the organ from the donor is
rejected by the recipients body. This is because the blood
type of the donor is different from the blood type of the
recipient.
Blood Groups
Long ago, large amount of blood loss
means death.
They tried to transfuse blood from other
people or animals, often results in fatal
results.
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What
causes the
clumping of
blood
Blood Groups
Heart
Arteries
Arterioles
Blood capillaries
Venules
Veins
Do you know
that arteries
carry
oxygenated
blood away
from heart?
arteries
Arteries
branch
to from
arteriole
s.
arterioles
ca
d
o
o
l
B
lla
i
p
s
e
ri
Endothelium cell
is partially
permeable.
Capillaries branch
repeatedly , to
provide large surface
area for exchange of
substance
More about
arteries
e
r
o
M
u
o
ab
s
n
i
e
v
t
Much lower
blood
pressure
compare to
blood
pressure in
arteries.
Exercising the
muscles
increases the
pressure
exerted on the
veins and
moves the
blood along
quickly since
the movement
of blood along
the veins is
assisted by the
action of
skeletal
muscles on the
veins
Tissue
fluid
Tissue fluid
cell
Metabolic waste
Tissue fluid
Blood
if the blood
capillaries are
narrow, the red
blood cells can only
move through the
lumen of the blood
capillaries
in become
a line.
The
RBC might
bell shape as they pass
through narrow blood
capillaries . The
advantages are:
-the diameter of RBC
is reduced it
-the cell increases its
surface area
- rate of blood flow is
Double Circulation in
Mammals
By: Clarissa
Do you know that
we have different
circulation?
Pulmonary circulation
consist of:
Pulmonary arteries which
carry blood to the lungs
Oxygenated blood is
returned to the heart by
pulmonary veins
Systemic circulation
consist of:
Double cirulation
Advantages!
Blood
Heart
e
t
x
E
l
a
Structure
of
the
Heart
n
r
Inside the
pericardiu
m
l
a
Structure
of
the
Heart
n
r
e
t
In
The 2 sides of
the lungs are
seperated by a
muscular wall
called MEDIAN
SEPTUM
Heart valves
They are called
tricuspid and
bicuspid valve
according to the
amount of flaps
present in each
valve
3 Flaps
2 Flaps
4.Ventricldes
relax. Semilunar valves
close. This
produces
dub sound
5.Atria
contracts
again, the
whole cycle
repeats
1. Atria contract,
forcing blood
into the
relaxed
ventricle
2.Ventricle
contracts ,AV
valve close. This
produce lub
sound
3.As ventricle
contract, atria
relax. The atria
start to receives
blood again
One
hearbeat
Blood pressure
They are
always
measured in
mmHg
Veins
Pulmonary veins : brings oxygenated blood
from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
Anterior ( superior ) vena cava : returns
deoxygenated blood from the head, neck and
arms to the right atrium
Posterior ( inferior ) vena cava : brings
deoxygenated blood from the liver, stomach,
intestines, kidneys and hind limbs to the right
atrium
Renal vein : brings deoxygenated blood from
the kidneys to the posterior vena cava
Hepatic vein : brings deoxygenated blood
from the liver to the posterior vena cava
Hepatic portal vein : brings deoxygenated
Arteries
Pulmonary arteries : brings deoxygenated
blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
Aorta : brings oxygenated blood round the
body
Hepatic arteries : brings oxygenated blood to
the liver
Mesenteric arteries : brings oxygenated blood
the stomach and intestines
Renal arteries : brings oxygenated blood to the
kidney
Iliac arteries : brings oxygenated blood to the
hind limbs
:Ruiz Orlando
Hypertension
-Hypertension: hypertension is the high blood pressure in the
arteries. When atherosclerosis occurs the blood pressure of the
arteries will increase. If the arteries cannot hold the pressure,
the arteries may explode leading to death of a person.
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