Historical perspective and modern materials' needs, taxonomy of materials, materials life cycle, materials selection criteria and illustration. Range of materials associated with their characteristics and application Product development: materials selection and manufacturing process design.
Historical perspective and modern materials' needs, taxonomy of materials, materials life cycle, materials selection criteria and illustration. Range of materials associated with their characteristics and application Product development: materials selection and manufacturing process design.
Historical perspective and modern materials' needs, taxonomy of materials, materials life cycle, materials selection criteria and illustration. Range of materials associated with their characteristics and application Product development: materials selection and manufacturing process design.
Historical perspective and modern materials' needs, taxonomy of materials, materials life cycle, materials selection criteria and illustration. Range of materials associated with their characteristics and application Product development: materials selection and manufacturing process design.
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Part 1
Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering:
Historical perspective and modern materials needs, taxonomy of materials, materials life cycle, materials selection criteria and illustration, contribution of materials science and engineering in development of technology.
Why study materials sci. and eng.?
Range of materials associated with their characteristics
and application Product development: materials selection and manufacturing process design Failure and degradation of components Cost consideration in businesses and industry
Why study materials sci. and eng.?
Structure of Materials Structural feature
Typical scale (m)
Nuclear structure Structure of atom Crystal or glass structure Structures of solutions and compounds Structure of grain and phase boundaries Shape of grains and phases Agregates of grains Engineering structures
10-15 10-10 10-9 10-9 10-8 10-7 to 10-3 10-5 to 10-2 10-3 to 103
1. The constitution: composition of the elements number of phases, and composition of each phase 2. The geometric feature: shape of each phase sizes and spacing of the phases
Schematic picture of grain and
phase structures in metallic alloys
Understanding Materials Science and Engineering
Performance
Societal need and experience Empirical knowledge
Properties Synthesis / processing
Scientific knowledge Basic science and understanding
Structure / composition
Case in materials selection
Voyager aircraft made from graphite epoxy resin matrix
Broken ship made
from brittle steels
Density
Glass reinforced nylon
(ZYTEL) air intake manifold for GM V-6 engines
Resistance to fracture toughness
HISTORY OF MATERIALS
Development of Engineering Materials
(after Ashby 1992) 10 000 BC 5000 BC Gold
1000
1500
1800
1900
1940
1960
1980
1990
2000 2010
2020
Copper Bronze Iron
METALS Cast Iron
Glassy Metal Al - Lithium Alloys Dual Phase Steels Micro Alloyed Steels New Super Alloys
Steels
POLYMERS, ELASTOMERS
Wood Skin Fibers
Alloy Steels
Glues
Light Alloys
COMPOSITES Straw-brick
Rubber
paper
Stone
Super Alloys
Nylon
Pottery Glass
PE
Cement Refractories
10 000 BC 5000 BC DATE
0 1000 (Year) 1500
High Temperature Polymers Alloys High Modulus Polymers Polyesters Exposies PMA Arcrylics PC PS PP Titanic Zirconium Etc
Bakelite Flint
CERAMICS
Development Slow Mostly Quality Control and Processing
Example: Development of Materials for Structural Application
Strength/density (in x 106)
Chronological advances in strength-to-density ratio of materials 10
Aramid fibers, carbon fibers
Composites
6 4
Ti alloy 2
Wood, stone Bronze
Cast iron
Iron & steel
Al alloy
Year
1800
1900
2000
The Materials Cycle
Bulk Materials Raw Materials Ore Coal Sand Wood Oil Rock Plants Mine Drill Harvest
Oil
Extract Refine Process
Ground of Mineral and Agricultural Sciences and Engineering
Metals Chemicals Paper Cement Fibers
Engineering Materials Process *Crystals *Alloys * Ceramics *Plastics *Concrete *Textiles
Ground of Materials Science and Engineering
Recycle
Wood
Ore
The Earth Start
Dispose
Waste Junk
Performance Service Use
Design Manufacture Assembly
Modern Materials Needs
Global Issues: 1. Discovery of new aaditional reserves: depletion of non-renewable resources (oil, metals) 2. New materials with less adverse environmental impact 3. New recycling technology
Materials for nuclear energy: fuels and containment for radioactive disposal. Materials for transportation: new high strength, low density structural, high temperature. Materials for solar cells: economical resources. Materials for fuel cells: non-poluting, catalysts.
Family of Materials*) Group
Subgroup
Examples
Group
Sub Group Examples
Metallic (metals and alloys) Ferrous
Polymers
Ceramics
Composites
Iron, Steel Cast iron Nonferrous Al, Zn, Sn, Cu, Ni Powdered metal Sintered steel Sintered brass Human-made Plastic Elastomers Adhesives Paper Natural Wood, rubber Animal Bone, skin Crystalline Porcelain compound Structural clay Abrasives Glass Glassware Annealed glass Polymer based Plywood Laminated timber Impregnated wood Fiberglass Graphite epoxy Plastic laminates
Having large number of nonlocalized electrons Metal properties are attributable to electrons Good conductors of electricity and heat, not transparent to visible light Compounds between metallic and nometallic elements: oxides, nitrides and carbides Ceramics: clay minerals, cement and glass Insulative to the passage of electricity and heat More resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers Hard but brittle Familiar plastic and rubber materials. Mainly organic compounds based on carbon, hydrogen, other nonmetallic elements Very large molecular structures, low density and may be extremely flexible. Compose of more than one materials types Fiberglass is a familiar example. Designed to display a combination of best characteristics of each the component materials: acquires strength from glass and flexibility from the polymer Having electrical properties intermediate between the electrical conductors and insulators. Sensitive to the presence of impurities Components implanted into the human body for replacement of diseased of damaged body parts. Not produce toxic substances Compatible with body tissues Can be metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, and semiconductors.
Materials in development of technology
The Golden Gate Bridge north of San Francisco, California, is one of the most famous and most beautiful examples of a steel bridge. (Courtesy of Dr. Michael Meier.)
Materials in development of technology
The 1903 Flyer used conventional materials in innovative ways. (Library of Congress Digital Images)
James A. Jacobs and Thomas F. Kilduff
Engineering Materials Technology: Structures, Processing, Properties, and Selection, 5e
Concept design of future spacecraft involving application
of nanotechnology. (NASA Ames Research Center)
Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Materials in development of technology
Kevlar reinforcement is a popular application in modern high-performance tires. In this case, the durability of sidewall reinforcement is tested along concrete ridges at a proving ground track. (Courtesy of the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company.)
Example of a fiberglass composite
composed of microscopic-scale reinforcing glass fibers in a polymer matrix. (Courtesy of Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation.)
Materials in development of technology
(a) Typical microcircuit containing a complex array of semiconducting regions. (Photograph courtesy of Intel Corporation) (b) A microscopic cross section of a single circuit element in (a). The dark rectangular shape in the middle of the micrograph is a metal component less than 50 nm wide. (Micrograph courtesy of Intel Corporation)
The modern integrated circuit fabrication
laboratory represents the state of the art in materials processing. (Courtesy of the College of Engineering, University of California, Davis.)
Motivation for materials selection and its criteria
Motivation 1.
The introduction of a new product which consequently followed by
the requirement of suitable materials
2.
A desire of the improvement of an existing product
3.
A problem situation (such as: service or manufacturing failure, customer rejection)
Selection criteria 1. Define the application: what the material has to do when it is in service 2. Properties required: what the material should present its properties when it is in service 3. Availability: whether the materials already commercially produced, or not. 4. Manufacturing method: the possibility to be industrially produced, and 5. Cost consideration
EXERCISE: Find out the requirements of materials to be used for drink container and comes up with a choice of suitable materials for this purpose
Advanced Dielectric, Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Thin Films: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA 2004
Characterization and Modeling to Control Sintered Ceramic Microstructures and Properties: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA 2004
Developments in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Lithium Ion Batteries: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA 2004
Advanced Dielectric, Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Thin Films: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA 2004
Characterization and Modeling to Control Sintered Ceramic Microstructures and Properties: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA 2004
Developments in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Lithium Ion Batteries: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA 2004
