Operating Tips

Operator tips
Remember these few operating techniques and tips are
things that need to be done to make you and your machine
more productive;
We will go over the next four things:
Differential lock
Torque converter
Draw bar position
Mole board position
Wheel lean
articulation
Ripping
Differential Lock

Lock the differentials whenever the mold board is on the ground, except when blading
through a turn.

Always unlock the differential before turning.

Never lock the differential when tandem tires are spinning. Reduce RPMs until tandems
stop spinning and then lock the differential

25. Torque Converter Lock Indicator This indicator
illuminates in order to show that the torque converter
lock is disengaged.
Torque Converter
Operating Tips
General Tips
Drawbar Positioning
When processing material, shift the drawbar in the direction of the
heel of the moldboard. This allows a steep moldboard angle and
gives enough moldboard coverage to safely deposit material outside
the tandem tires. (figures 1,2 and 3)
Slight adjustments to moldboard side-shift and drawbar center-shift
can improve visibility to critical areas.
Trucks must use caution when straddling windrows generated by the
a grader.
Drawbar adjustments will have a large effect on the cross slope.
Operating Tips
Figure 1

Material discharging to the left and
drawbar shifted left
Figure 2
Drawbar Positioning
Figure 3
Moldboard Pass Coverage

Pass coverage is reduced as the moldboard angle increases.

Deposit material at least 18 from the tandem tires to prevent potential
sidewall damage from sharp rocks in the windrow.

Use caution with moldboard angles close to 36 degrees. This steep angle will
deposit the windrow of material too close to the tandem tires.



20.9
30
Angle
24
0 Angle
Effect of Moldboard Angle on Pass Coverage
Straight Frame
Crab Steering
Articulated Turn
Operating Tips
General Tips
Moldboard Positioning
Tip the moldboard forward to cut hard packed material and tip it back for
processing, carrying, and combing out oversized rock.
Use the thinnest cutting edge that material and conditions will allow.
This will improve material rolling action and increase moldboard
penetration down forces. It will also require less horsepower to power
the grader through the cut, improving both fuel consumption and tire
wear.
Operating Tips
General Tips
Wheel Lean
Use articulation and wheel lean in combination when turning around.
Turning radius is reduced when using this method. Turning with straight
frame gives a bigger turning radius. This method eliminates the need for
3-point turnarounds, a possible safety hazard on busy haul roads. Note:
Using max. wheel lean and a full turn can create interference with the
steering stops and the front axle.
Wheels leaned in the wrong direction during a turn around cause the tires
to roll over onto the sidewalls of the tire, potentially damaging the tire and
increasing turning radius.
Use wheel lean to counteract material side draft forces. Lean top of
wheels toward the heel of the moldboard. (figure 1)
Wheel Lean
Figure 1













Keep adequate distance
between windrow
and inside of tire to
prevent sidewall damage
from sharp rocks


Articulation vs. Straight Frame
Operating Tips
Ripper Usage:
Rip in 1st gear only and begin at low throttle.
Use the ripper indicator gauge in the cab to determine the depth of
penetration. This will allow the operator to concentrate on the conditions in
front of the grader.
Proper use of the ripper (cutting high spots and fracturing hard packed
material) can help lengthen moldboard cutting edge life.
Use the heal of the moldboard to smooth the previous pass
QUARTER CROWNS SHOULD BE RIPPED PRIOR
TO REMOVAL TO EXTEND CUTTING EDGE LIFE

Ripper
Operating Tips
Haul Road Maintenance
It is important to pull enough material from the berms to build up the road
surface and fill in low areas.
Leave rocks smaller than 2 in diameter on the road surface to provide
additional traction to trucks when the road surface is wet.
Comb the larger rocks off the road surface. These can slow the flow of
water in the ditches and retard erosion.
Always begin road maintenance at one end of the working section.
When possible, make the initial pass in the same direction as truck traffic.
The windrow will serve as an indicator to an approaching truck that a
grader is ahead. This technique prevents leaving bends in the windrow,
from maneuvering around oncoming truck traffic, which could cause
safety hazards and production inefficiencies.
Moldboard Tip
Moldboard racked all the
way back
Difference in cutting edge depth in rolling MB back and tipping forward
is 280 mm, (11 inches).

Moldboard tipped forward
Cutting Position: top of
moldboard slightly ahead of
cutting edge
Moldboard racked all the
way back
Mold Board Pitch
Standard Position
Top of Mold Board 2 to 3
inches in front of the
cutting edge.
Penetration Position
The sharp tip of the
cutting edge is used for
penetrating the surface to
cut high spots in grade.
Mold Board Pitch
Carry Position
With the moldboard rolled
back, it is used to carry and
process material and comb
out oversized rocks.
There should be no cutting
of surface to prevent
unnecessary wear to back of
cutting edge.
Mold Board Pitch
With the mold board pitched all the way forward and using only the
pitch lever to roll it back, there is approx. 9 inches of grade change.
Using only the pitch lever will not compromise the profile of the road!
Mold Board Pitch
Production vs. Support???
Road Cross-Section Terms
Crowned Cross Section
Use on straightaway
shoulder
shoulder
crown
travel wear surface
high bank slope
flat bottom
ditch
V-ditch
back-slope
width
slope
slope
More Road Cross-Section Terms
width
shoulder
shoulder
super elevation
Travel wear surface
high bank slope
V-ditch
back-slope
Super Elevation Cross Section
Use on curves
slope
V-ditch
Haul Road Design Rolling Resistance
Hard, well-maintained road . . . . . . . 1.5%
Well-maintained road with flex . . . . . . 3%
25 mm/1 in tire penetration . . . . . . . . .4%
50 mm/2 in tire penetration . . . . . . . . .5%
100 mm/4 in tire penetration . . . . . . . .8%
200 mm/8 in tire penetration . . . . . . .14%



Tire penetration

Tire Considerations
20 24 Tire Penetration = 30 35% Rolling Resistance
Over the life of the truck, you will spend the initial
purchase price of the truck in tire related cost.
Tire Failure Mode
Cut 45%
Impact 29%
Separation 11%
Worn out 7%
Other 8%
100%

Tire Considerations
Source:Actual data, world-class metal mine

Cross Slope:
Design of Surface Mine Haulage Roads
Rapid removal of water.
Recommended rate: 1/4 -1/2 in/ ft (2%-4%). Surface texture. Ice or mud.
Single-lane - - governed by land features.
Crown appropriate for multiple-lane construction.

Ditching
8
Haul Road Design - Corners
Use maximum practical radii.
Employ super elevation for higher speed operations.
Use super elevation >10% with caution.

Haul Road Design Horizontal and Vertical Alignment
Design corners and crests that allow excellent visibility at normal
travel speeds.
Use worst-case scenarios.



10
1
Haul Road Design Drainage & Safety Berms

Berm size - at least one-half wheel height.

Drainage
1/2 wheel height
Haul Road Design - Road Width
One way - 3 truck widths.
Two-way straights - 3.5 truck widths.
Two way corners - 4 truck widths.
One-way (Straights/corners)
Two-way (In Straights)
Two-way (In Corners)
Points to Remember
Over-Watering Haul Roads:
Softens and makes slippery
Surface susceptible to damage
Water often scarce
Set up/adjust water trucks

Watering
Rut formation high RR
Excess water sprinkling
Haul Road Visual Inspection - Main Haul Road



Road is free of puddles, potholes, ruts, gullies.
Passing room is adequate.
Corner radius allows safe operation at high speed.
Spillage is removed quickly.
No rubber deposits on tight, rocky turns.
High braking forces not necessary on corners.
Expected road speeds are achieved.
The best haul roads have crowned straight sections, super-elevated
curves, safety berms and drainage ditches on both sides.

Because excessive water is a detriment to any road, the most important
item (for many sites) in road maintenance is providing and maintaining a
good drainage system.

Points to Remember
Haul Road Visual Inspection - Dump Zone
Floor is smooth.
Trucks enter at high speed, parallel to edge.
Trucks brake in straight line, then turn and stop to reverse to dump.
Safety berms are regulation height.
Is dump stable enough to dump over safely or should you dump short and
push off.
What to look for?
Points to Remember
The haul road begins at the loading face and ends at the dump point.
Once a road deteriorates, it takes five times as long to repair it to good
condition again. Fix it once, fix it right!
If one can travel comfortably in a light truck at 35 mph, then road surfaces
are good.
Good roads improve production, extend tire life and reduce overall
operating costs.


Haul Road Support !

Standard equipment on all motor graders
Protects the DCM area from damage due to
horizontal shock loads.
Can be adjusted to match operating conditions
Circle Drive Slip Clutch
Drawbar, Circle, Moldboard Protection