HISTORY OF

EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
Where Are We Going &
Where Have We Been
Prepared & Modified by
FOR-IAN V. SANDOVAL




History of
Educational
Technology
Educational
Technology
Objectives:
To identify events and devices of the
past that contributed to the
technological revolution.
To examine the organizations and
their viewpoints that have shaped
technology use in the classroom
today.
To prepare for the future in
educational technology by analyzing
current trends and advances.




History of
Educational
Technology
Educational
Technology
Technology is commonly
thought of in terms of gadgets,
instruments, machines and
devices most (educators)
will defer to technology as
computers.
(Muffoletto, 1994)
TEA




History of
Educational
Technology
Educational
Technology
The history of Educational
technology can be traced back
to the time when tribal priests
systemized bodies of knowledge,
and early cultures invented
pictographs or sign writing to
record and transmit information.
(Paul Saettler, 1990)




History of
Educational
Technology
Educational
Technology
In ancient Greece, the Elder
Sophist used the term techne to
refer the process of applying
knowledge systematically to the
practical art of instruction. They
formulated cognitive rules,
systematically analyzed subject
matter designed instructional
technologies and devised effective
instructional materials.




History of
Educational
Technology
Educational
Technology
During the Middle Age
Advent of Scholastic Philosophy,
Pierre Abelard introduced a
technology of instruction which
was really a new method of
structuring and presenting
materials that helped set the style
of scholastic education.





History of
Educational
Technology
Educational
Technology
Comenius, Pestalozzi, Froebel,
Herbart and Montessori contributed their
own concept on educational technology
improving educative process.
John Amos Comenius was
recognized as the pioneer of modern
instructional technology by reason of
his book Orbis Pictus (The World in
Picture) which was illustrated
textbooks for children studying Latin &
Sciences.




History of
Educational
Technology
Educational
Technology
Edward Thorndike and John Dewey
formulated scientific theory of learning
and the scientific method, respectively.
Thorndike gave emphasis to the use of
empirical investigation as a basis for an
organized process of learning. On his
part, Dewey introduced a method of
instruction in terms scientific method in
broad terms




History of
Educational
Technology
The 19
th
century paved in the
advent of effective technological
development including the production
of textbooks, use of blackboards and
improvements in writing implements
like pen and ink. Photography was
invented, giving a way to a movement
called Visual Instruction.
Educational
Technology




History of
Educational
Technology
By 1920, visual media became
widely accepted. Then came the
publication of audio-visual media
texts.
In 1926, educational films
were used as instructional media.
In 1927, Pressey wrote on
programmed learning through a
machine which tested and confirmi
a learning task.
Educational
Technology




History of
Educational
Technology
By 1920, visual media became
widely accepted. Then came the
publication of audio-visual media
texts.
In 1926, educational films
were used as instructional media.
In 1927, Pressey wrote on
programmed learning through a
machine which tested and
confirmed a learning task.
Educational
Technology




History of
Educational
Technology
In 1932, the first instructional
television program was aired at the
State University of Iowa. About the
same time, the 16 mm sound
motion picture was developed and
this served as the educational
workhorse during the audio-visual
movement of the time.
Educational
Technology




History of
Educational
Technology
During World War II, the U.S.
government encouraged the
implementation of technology of
instruction for military training
programs. This gave impetus to a
system approach to instruction to
include: micro-teaching, individualized
instruction, Language laboratories,
behavioral laboratories, behavioral
objectives, computer assisted
instruction and among others
Educational
Technology




History of
Educational
Technology
History of
Computers
Abacus---Approximately 3000 BC
Calculators---1600s
Punched Card Devices---1800s
First Electronic Computers---1940s
Mainframes---1950s
Minicomputers---1960s
Microcomputers---1970s
Microcomputer Systems---1980s
Internet---1990s




History of
Educational
Technology

Ancient Computing
History
The Abacus
Mechanical aid used for
counting and making
quick calculations.
Still in
use
around
the
world.
Find out more about the Abacus in Resources.




History of
Educational
Technology

Early Computing
History
Invented the first
mechanical calculator.

The Pascaline used
cogs and gears to solve
math equations.
Blaise Pascal




History of
Educational
Technology

Mechanical
Calculators
Joseph Jacquard
First programmable
machine.
Used punched cards
(binary instructions) to
automate weaving loom.
Punched cards were a
staple of early and
modern computer
programming.





History of
Educational
Technology
Electronic Computer
Systems
Used vacuum tubes in
electronic circuits.
Used punch cards to input
and externally store data.
Up to 4K of memory.
Programming in machine
language and assembly
language.
Required a compiler.
First Generation:1943-1956




History of
Educational
Technology

First Generation:
1943-1956
Worlds first electronic
digital computer.
Used to produce
WWII ballistic firing
tables for the U.S.
Defense Department.
Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Calculator (ENIAC)
Check out the ENIAC exhibit.




History of
Educational
Technology

1956 IBM 350 RAMAC
Second Generation: 1957-
1964
Visit the Computing History Timeline in Resources.
Used transistors,
developed by Bell Labs.
Up to 32K of memory.
Programming in
computer languages,
such as FORTRAN and
COBOL.




History of
Educational
Technology

Third Generation:
1965-1971
Used integrated
circuits.
Up to 3 million bytes
of memory.
Lower cost, smaller
size, and increasing
processor speed.





History of
Educational
Technology

1971, Intel develops 4004, the first
microprocessor chip.
Altair sold in 1975, the first personal
computer. It is a kit that must be
assembled.
Apple Computer is formed in 1976
and sells 50 Apple I.
Advances increase memory size,
storage space, and processing
speeds.
Fourth Generation:
1972-Now
Microcomputer Revolution Begins.




History of
Educational
Technology
Personal computers or PCs.
Usually cost about $2,000 or less.
Process over 1 billion operations per
second.
Stand-alone or connected
to other computers as a
network system.
Fourth Generation:
1972-Now
Microcomputers
TEA




History of
Educational
Technology

Tim Berners-Lee

Developed HTML and the World Wide Web
(WWW) was born.


1990s
Connecting the World




History of
Educational
Technology

Marc Andreessen

An original developer of Mosaic, the
first browser software able to read
HTML.
Co-founder of Netscape
Communications.
1990s
Connecting the World




History of
Educational
Technology



Technologies of the Future
Advanced robotics
commonplace
Smart houses
Wearable computers
Holodeck virtual reality
Truly individualized education
Check out Dave Moursunds view of education in
the year 2015, one of the Resources.
The 21st Century




History of
Educational
Technology
The 21st Century
Only recently focused on
computers.
Internet current primary trend.

Communication with colleagues.
Lesson plan preparation.
Student resources.
Access research and best practices for
teaching.
05:34.0
TEA




History of
Educational
Technology
Educational
Technology
Source information: NCES 2000 Summer Issue




History of
Educational
Technology
Educational
Technology
Our Definition:
A combination of the processes
and tools involved in addressing
educational needs and problems,
with an emphasis on applying the
most current tools: computers
and their related technologies.
(M. D. Roblyer, 2000)




History of
Educational
Technology
Educational
Technology
Has technology changed how and
what we teach?




History of
Educational
Technology
Educational
Technology
Two trends of todays society:

Explosive increase in number and type
of technology resources available.
Dramatic decrease in total cost of
ownership (TCO).
TEA




History of
Educational
Technology
Educational
Technology
CPU: Intel 4.77 MHz 8088
Memory: 64K
Storage: Single-sided, 160K 5 floppy disk drive
Display: 12 inch monochrome
Price: $2880.00
IBM unveils first PC in 1981.
Read about
IBM Through the Years
in Resources.




History of
Educational
Technology
Educational
Technology
Change in educational philosophy
of what constitutes basic skills

No longer just three Rs
Learning to learn skills essential
Lifelong learning
TEA




History of
Educational
Technology
Four Different Views
Association for Educational
Communications & Technology
(AECT)
International Society for
Performance Improvement (ISPI)
International Technology Education
Association (ITEA)
International Society for Technology
in Education (ISTE)




History of
Educational
Technology
Four Different Views
Audiovisual Media Communications.
Begun in 1923.
Initially centered on radio.
Quickly extended focus to include instructional
film strips and educational television.
Today, it includes global satellite broadcasting,
two-way audio, and visual communications.
AECT




History of
Educational
Technology
Four Different Views
Branch of educational theory and
practice concerned primarily with
the design and use of messages
which control the learning process.
(Saettler, 1990, p. 9)
Publications:
TechTrends
Handbook of Research for Educational
Communications and Technology
Visit the AECT web site from Resources.
AECT




History of
Educational
Technology
Four Different Views
ISPI
Instructional systems approach
based on Behaviorist theories
Systematic approach to
designing, developing, and
delivering instruction matched
to carefully identified needs.
(Heinich, Molenda, Russell, & Smaldino,
1997)




History of
Educational
Technology
Four Different Views

Publications:
Performance Improvement Journal
Performance Improvement Quarterly
Explore ISPI resources at the ISPI web site.
ISPI




History of
Educational
Technology
Four Different Views
ITEA
Industry trainers and vocational
teachers.
Schools should prepare
students for work force Learning
about technology as used in the
real world is essential.




History of
Educational
Technology
Four Different Views
ITEA
Includes robotics, manufacturing
systems, computer-assisted
design (CAD).
Publications:
The Technology Teacher
Technology and Children
The Journal of Technology Education
Find out more at the ITEA web site.




History of
Educational
Technology
Four Different Views
ISTE
Primary focus encompassed both
instructional and support
applications of computers.
Begun by trainers and educators who
predicted that computers would
revolutionize education.
Influenced by technical personnel,
such as programmers and systems
analysts.




History of
Educational
Technology
Four Different Views
ISTE
National Educational Technology
Standards for Students and
Teachers (NETS)
Publications:
Learning and Leading with Technology
(formerly The Computing Teacher)
Journal of Research on Computing in
Education
ISTEs website is one of the Resources.




History of
Educational
Technology
Modern Educational
Technology History
First instructional use of computers
was as a flight simulator used to
train pilots at MIT in 1950.
Mainframe Computer Systems




History of
Educational
Technology
First use in public schools taught
New York elementary students
binary arithmetic in 1959.
Mainframe Computer Systems
Modern Educational
Technology History




History of
Educational
Technology
Federal funds supported many
large-scale projects in
mainframe computer-assisted
instruction (CAI) in schools,
colleges, and universities
through the middle of 1970s.
Mainframe Computer Systems
Modern Educational
Technology History




History of
Educational
Technology
Stanford University first multimedia
learning station, Course writer
Programmed Logic for Automatic
Teaching Operations (PLATO)
BYU Time-shared Interactive
Computer-Controlled Information
Television (TICCIT)

Mainframe Computer Systems
Modern Educational
Technology History




History of
Educational
Technology
Designed to support personalized
mastery learning
Individually Prescribed Instruction
(IPI) - University of Pittsburgh
Program for Learning in Accordance
with Needs (PLAN) - American
Institutes of Research
Mainframe Computer Systems
Modern Educational
Technology History




History of
Educational
Technology
National Education Computing
Conference (NECC)

Created by mainframe programming
enthusiasts from universities
nationwide.
First conference held in1979.
Today is the largest educational
technology conference in U.S. with
attendance of 10,000+ people.
Modern Educational
Technology History




History of
Educational
Technology
Introduced in late 1970s.
Adopted by public school systems
during 1980s.
Apple II
Commodore PET
Radio Shack TRS - 80
Microcomputers in Education
Modern Educational
Technology History




History of
Educational
Technology
Early courseware developed for
mainframes were provided by:
Large hardware manufacturers
Software systems companies
University development projects
New microcomputer software
market driven primarily by
educators.
Software
Modern Educational
Technology History




History of
Educational
Technology
Minnesota Educational Computing
Consortium (MECC)
Initially largest provider of educational
software.
Funded by National Science Foundation.
MicroSift, EPIE
Provided courseware evaluations.
Software
Modern Educational
Technology History




History of
Educational
Technology
15:05.0
Authoring systems
Response to educators quest for
input into design of educational
software.
Allowed educators to develop their
own courseware.
Software
TEA
Modern Educational
Technology History




History of
Educational
Technology
Authoring systems
Required extensive expertise.
Extended time commitment.
Expanded work investment.
Software
TEA
Modern Educational
Technology History




History of
Educational
Technology
Computer Literacy
Originally defined as programming
skills and tools such as word
processing.
Todays world can only agree that
the term refers to skills that are
constantly changing.
15:45.0
Modern Educational
Technology History




History of
Educational
Technology
Seymour Papert
Educational theorist mentored by
Jean Piaget.
Developed programming language
for young children based on
constructivist theory of education.
Raised national consciousness
about potential of technology to
change the educational system.
16:25.0
Modern Educational
Technology History




History of
Educational
Technology
The Internet and the WWW
Biggest challenge for the public
educational system has been how
to prepare schools physically and
train teachers effectively for its use
in the classroom.
16:50.0
TEA
Modern Educational
Technology History




History of
Educational
Technology
What Weve
Learned
Computer literacy or knowledge of
computer applications is a moving
target.
Teaching students technical skills
for today is valuable.
More important are learning to
learn tools for tomorrow and years
to come.
17:20.0




History of
Educational
Technology
What Weve
Learned
Computer-based materials are just
one component of resources
available to educational system.
Integration of technology as a tool
to advance learning in the content
areas adds to the effectiveness of
other resources and teacher
created activities.
18:00.0




History of
Educational
Technology
What Weve
Learned
Development of technology
materials and integration strategies
is time intensive and should not be
a classroom teachers primary
responsibility Youve got enough
to do!
18:20.0
TEA




History of
Educational
Technology
What Weve
Learned
Educators must keep pace with
technological advances.
But often times technology
changes faster than the
educational environment.
Business and Industry must do its
part in providing economical
technology solutions.
18:40.0




History of
Educational
Technology
What Weve
Learned
Teachers will always be necessary!
Definition of learning environments
are changing.
Identity of classrooms must
change.
19:03.0
TEA




History of
Educational
Technology
Our models of effective instruction
must change too!
Educators must be more than:
Sage on the Stage
Guide on the Side
What Weve
Learned
19:40.0




History of
Educational
Technology
What Weve
Learned
Vet in the Net
Todays teacher must be willing to be:
A participating learner in the classroom.
One who will take the same risks and
not always have the right answer.
A veteran learner in a network of
learners called the classroom.
20:10.0




History of
Educational
Technology
Enrichment
Activity 2
E-mail your answer to
lspu_eductech1@yahoo.com

Create a graphic organizer showing
the historical development of
educational technology.
Discuss educational programs on
television: how effective are these in
enriching the educational process in
Philippine schools? What are their
flaws ad limitations.
20:10.0




History of
Educational
Technology
Reference
EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
by Dr. Paz I. Lucido & Dr.
Milagros L. Borabo
20:10.0
Web Link
http://www.tcet.unt.edu/weblibrar
y2/overview/?id=33&PHPSESSI
D=1f41402407f2621f9827509fa7
a8d6e8