Hello ..

My name is
Ron Disrud, Dave
Leas, Curt Bonn
Radiation Safety
Officer (RSO)
Engineer
Sales

BORDERS Medical
Emergency &
Training
Preparedness
Training
Basic Radiation
Detection
July 7-8, 2006



Our Philosophy:
Protection Begins with Detection

Radiological,Chemical,Biological

BORDERS Medical Emergency & Disaster Preparedness Training
January 27, 2007
P.O. Box 1240
Rolla, ND 58367
Toll free: 1-877-477-6461
E-mail: arrowt@utma.com
Web: www.arrowtechinc.com
ISO 9001:2000 Certified

ISO 9001:2000 Certified
Radiation occurs naturally..
Radiation is in every part of our lives.

It occurs naturally in the earth and can reach us through cosmic
rays from outer space.

Radiation may also occur naturally in the water we drink or the
soils in our backyard.

It even exists in food, building materials, and in our own human
bodies.

1962 TV advertisement.,
Duck and Cover..
Radiation Movies
Background Rad Sources
Background Radiation Colorado & Air
Flight
Basic Types of Radiation
Determine Alpha, Beta, Gamma with probe
1962 TV Duck & Cover

Radium Dial
Painters
Inverse Square Law
Half Life Discussion
Nuclear Power Plant
pool
History Radiation
Pioneers
Types of Ionizing
radiation
Contamination
Discussion
Prevent internal
contamination

Decay Chart program..
Listing of all Isotopes
U.S. Nuclear power plant
map..

Test your knowledge on Nuclear
Word doc.
Answers..
EPA Take a quiz

What is Radiation used for?
Radiation is used for scientific purposes,

Medical reasons,

Power some types of submarines.

We can also come into contact with radiation through
sources such as
X-rays,
nuclear power plants,
(100 plants producing about 20% of U.S. electricity)

Ionizing smoke detectors.
U.S. Nuclear
power plant map..
What is Radiation ?
Radiation can be defined as:
energy given off by the nucleus of an atom in the form of
particles or rays.

Types of Radiation
* Ionizing Radiation cannot be felt,tasted,seen. Can only be
detected by special equipment


Movie on Electromagnetic Spectrum

Ionizing
(Electron Removal)
Electromagnetic
Gamma
X-ray
Particulate
Alpha
Beta
Neutron
Non-Ionizing
(No electron Removal)
Electromagnetic
Microwaves
Infared
Radar
TV
Radio
Ionizing Radiation vs
Non-Ionizing Radiation




Movie on Electromagnetic Spectrum
.

Ionizing Radiation cannot be felt,tasted,seen. Can only be detected by
special equipment

The ABCs of Ionizing Radiation
The 4 main types.
DOE Glossary of terms..
More on basic radiation..
EPA Glossary of terms
Acronyms..
Neutron


Un-Charged
particles
n
Review of Nuclear Terms -
Alpha

Alpha: Commonly referred to as alpha particles.

are the least penetrating of the three primary forms of radiation,

* cannot travel more than 1 to 2 inches in air
can be shielded by a single sheet of paper
cannot penetrate outermost layer of dead skin
However, if alpha particle emitting radioactive material is inhaled or
ingested, they can be a very damaging source of radiation with their
short range being concentrated internally in a very localized area.

* Important when choosing equipment for detection.
Which probe should I use..
Determine Alpha, Beta, Gamma with probe
Common Alpha emitters
Americium -241 (Am241) Ionizing type smoke detectors, Moisture Density Guages
Plutonium- 236,238,239,240 (Pu238,238,238,240) Enriched Uranium, fallout from nuclear bomb testing
Uranium- 238 ,235(U238) naturally-occurring radioactive material (NORM), ceramic glazes (Fiesta
Ware)
Thorium- 232 (Th 232) Used in lantern mantles Welding Rods
Radium-226 (Ra226) Radium Hot Springs, Clock dials and gauges (glows) no longer used
Radium dial workers licked tip of brush, developed cancer Radium Dial Painters
Radon 222 (Rn222) Daughter of Radium,a heavy gas,
can collect in basements,
The largest source of exposure to NORM
Polonium 210 (P0210) daughter of Radon, found in tobacco,
Russian spy Alexander Litvinenko What is Polonium ? Radioactive Spark plugs
Static Eliminators Smoking tobacco greatly magnifies the radon risk , Second-hand hazards
level of radiation absorbed by a pack-and-a-half a day smoker is estimated to be the equivalent of 300 chest
X-rays every year





RAD falloutMap
from testingIn the
50s and 60s..
Uranium
Decay
Chain
Radon Movie US Radon Map
Half Life Common Alpha
Emmitters
Iosotope Half - Life
Americium -241 (Am241)
432 years
Plutonium- 238 (Pu238)
87.7 years
Uranium- 238 (U238)
4,468,000,000 years
Thorium- 232 (Th 232)
14,000,000,000 years
Radium-226 (Ra226)
1,600 years
Radon 222 (Rn222)
3.8 days
Polonium 210 (P0210)
138 days
Rule of Thumb: It takes 10 half lives for a Radioactive
Isotope to become virtually harmless.
Decay Chart program..
Radioactive Half-Life The time it takes for an
Isotope to loose half of its activity
Review of Nuclear Terms -
Beta
Beta: Commonly referred to as beta particles.

Beta particles travel faster and penetrate further than alpha particles.

* They can travel from a few millimeters up to about ten yards in
open air depending on the particular isotope and they can penetrate
several millimeters through tissue.

Can be stopped by thick clothing or aluminum
However, like alpha particles, the greatest threat is if beta
particle emitting radioactive material is inhaled or ingested as it
can also do grave internal damage.

* Important when choosing equipment for detection
Which probe should I use..
Determine Alpha, Beta, Gamma with probe
Common Beta emitters


Tritium (H3) Exit signs, watches, luminous paints , gauges
life = 12.3 years
Iodine-131 (I131) treat thyroid disorders, such as cancer and graves disease
life = 8.04 days
Strontium-90 (Sr90) a radioactive tracer in medical and agricultural studies
radioactive decay can be converted to electricity
1/2/ life = 28.9 years
Carbon-14 (C14) a very reliable tool in dating of organic matter up to 30,000 years old
life = 5,730,000 years
Beta emitters are also used in a variety of industrial instruments, such as
industrial thickness gauges, using their weak penetrating power to measure
very thin materials



Review of Nuclear Terms-
Gamma
Gamma: Gamma rays are similar to x-rays, they are a form of
electromagnetic radiation. High energy rays

* Gamma rays are the most hazardous type of external
radiation as they can travel up to a mile in open air and
penetrate all types of materials.
Since gamma rays penetrate more deeply through the body
than alpha or beta particles, all tissues and organs can be
damaged by sources from outside of the body.
Only sufficiently dense shielding and/or distance from gamma
ray emitting radioactive material can provide protection.
Primary cause of radiation sickness

Which probe should I use.. * Important when choosing equipment for detection.
Determine Alpha, Beta, Gamma with probe
Common Gamma emitters
Cesium-137 (Cs-137) Medical therapy to treat cancer, Thickness and
life = 30.17 years , leveling gauges Arrow-Tech uses to check accuracy
for Dosimeters
Cobalt-60 (Co-60) - used in many common industrial applications
life = 5.27 years thickness gauges, sterilization of spices and certain foods
powerful gamma rays kill bacteria and other pathogens, product is not left radioactive
Technetium-99m. (Tc-99m) most widely used radioactive isotope for
life = 6.02 hours medical diagnostic studies. Nuclear Medicine
evaluating (Radioactive Dye) the medical condition of the: heart, kidneys, lungs, liver, spleen, and bone
and also for blood flow studies, found in the radioactive wastes
Iridium 192 (Ir192) Industrial Radiography Sources (Pig Tail)
life = 74.2 days used to "x-ray" metal that would be too
thick for conventional x-rays.



Review of Nuclear Terms
Neutrons
Neutron Neutrons are neutral particles
Result of a nuclear weapon explosion
Associated with Special Nuclear Materials Used to
make Nuclear Bombs
Can make material they strike radioactive
Penetrates extensively, require special shielding



Moisture Density Guages
Americium -241 (Am241) used as a Neutron source
Californium 252 (Cf 252) Very efficient Neutron source, used in
neutron moisture gages and in well-logging (the determination of
water and oil-bearing layers). life = 2.6 years

Troxler Model 3430

Review of Nuclear Terms
X-Rays

X-ray X Rays are electromagnetic waves or photons not
emitted from the nucleus, but normally emitted by energy
changes in electrons.
These energy changes are either in electron orbital
shells that surround an atom or in the process of slowing
down such as in an X-ray machine.

Chest X-ray estimated radiation dose is 10 20 mR
CT Scan estimated dose is approx. 100 chest X-rays

Review of Types of Radiation
Note: There are few pure Alpha or Beta emitters which
makes them somewhat easier to detect by the Gamma emissions
Different radiations have different properties,
as summarized below:


Alpha - particles are only
considered hazardous to a
persons health if ingested
or inhaled.
Beta
They are effectively shielded by
thin layers of metal or plastic and
are again only considered
hazardous if a beta emitter is
ingested or inhaled.

Different radiations have different properties,
as summarized below Cont:

Gamma emitters are associated
with alpha & beta decay.
X-rays and gamma rays are best
shielded by thick layers of lead or
other dense material and are
hazardous to people when they
are external to the body.
Neutrons are neutral particles with approximately the
same mass as a proton. Because they are neutral they
react only weakly with material.

They are an external hazard best shielded by thick
layers of concrete, Water or any liquid

Summary of Activity of
various Isotopes
Isotope
Specific
Activity
Ci/g
Amount
(Grams)
For 1 Ci
Dose Rate
Gamma
(mrem/hr
@1 foot, 1 Ci
Dose Rate
Neutrons
(mrem/hr
@ 1 Ft, 1 Ci
Americium 241 3.43 .29 3400
Californium 252 535.14 .00 450 44,180
Cesium 137 86.49 .01 4,000
Cobalt 60 1,129.7 .00 15,000
Iridium 192 9,216.2 .00 6,400
Plutonium 238 17.14 .06 900
Radium 226 1 1.00 8,900
Curium 244 81.08 .01 700 < 1
Note: Encountering 1 Ci of Cf 252 will be a rare occurrence because the typical source quantity
is 1 millicure (1 mCi) or less
Radiation Units
What's the Difference Between Roentgen, Rad and Rem Radiation
Measurements?

A: Since nuclear radiation affects people, we must be able to measure its
presence. We also need to relate the amount of radiation received by the body
to its physiological effects. Two terms used to relate the amount of radiation
received by the body are exposure and dose. When you are exposed to
radiation, your body absorbs a dose of radiation.

As in most measurement quantities, certain units are used to properly express
the measurement. For radiation measurements they are Roentgen, RAD &
REM

For all practical purposes: 1 Roentgen (R)= 1 Rad = 1 Rem
For X-ray ,Gamma & Beta,
Common Units and SI Units
Radioactivity
(Activity)
Exposure Absorbed
Dose
Equivalent
Dose
(Biological
Effect)
Common
Units
Currie (Ci) Roentgen
(R)
Rad
(Radiation
Absorbed
Dose)
Rem
(Roentgen
Equivalent
Man)
SI Units
Becquerel
(Bq)
Coulomb/
kilogram
(C/Kg)
Gray(Gy) Seivert
(Sv)
The International System of Units
Has been given official status and
Recommended for universal use..
Not saying everyone is using it
Though
Dont worry
About >>>
Memorizing
Radiation conversion
Calculator..
1. Install
2. Use
100 Rem = 1 Sv
Primer on Rad measurement..
Radiation Exposures
Average Annual Exposure 360 mrem/year
Chest X-ray 10 30 mrem
Flight 0.5 mrem every hour
Smoking 1.5 packs/day 16,000 mrem per year
1,333 mrem per month
307 mrem per week
44 mrem per day

Mild Radiation Sickness 2000,000 mrem (200 REM)
Lethal Dose 450,000 600,000 mrem (depending on health)
DOE max. annual occupational limit = 5,000 mrem (5 REM)
DOE max. emergency dose (saving property) = 10,000 mrem (10 REM)
DOE max. emergency dose (saving life) = 25,000 mrem ( 25 REM)
Single acute dose
Stay Time to Receive a
particular Dose
Gamma
Radiation
Stay time to receive this Radiation Dose
Rate/Hr 1 rem 5 rem
Occupational
Dose limit
10 rem
Save
valuable
property
25 rem
Life Saving
100 rem
1 mR/hr 6 weeks 30 weeks 1 year
5 mR/hr 200 hrs 6 weeks 12 weeks 30 weeks 2 years
100 mR/hr 10 hrs 50 hrs 100 hrs 250 hrs 6 weeks
1 R/hr 1 hr 5 hrs 10 hrs 25 hrs 100 hrs
10 R/hr 6 min 30 min 1 hr 2.5 hr 10 hrs
100 R/hr 36 sec 3 min 6 min 15 min 1 hr
200 R/hr 18 secs 1.5 min 3 min 7.5 min 30 min
500 R/hr 7 secs 36 secs 72 secs 3 min 12 min
Sources of Radiation received
Total US Average Dose Equivalent = 360 mrem/year


Sources of Radiation received

Radon
55%
Internal
Emitters
11%
Cosmic
8%
Terrestrial
8%
Man-Made
18%
Medical X-
Ray
61%
Nuclear
Medicine
22%
Consumer
Products
11%
Other
6%
Total US Average Dose Equivalent = 360 mrem/year


Calculate your Dose..
Calculate your Dose by
the EPA site
Average of 6 mR/Month of Terrestrial & Cosmic
radiation (in the U.S.)

Terrestrial & Cosmic is considered Background
Radiation
The following is from Biological Effects of Radiation
and is part of the Radiation Worker Training (RWT)
common to all DOE facilities. It is instructive in
outlining the levels of radiation and their effects.


ACUTE AND CHRONIC RADIATION DOSE
Potential biological effects depend on how much and how fast a radiation dose is received. Radiation
doses can be grouped into two categories, acute and chronic dose.

Acute dose (exposure)
An acute radiation dose is defined as a large dose (10 rad or greater, to the whole body) delivered
during a short period of time (on the order of a few days at the most).


Radiation sickness symptoms are apparent following acute doses >100 rad.



chronic dose (exposure)
exposure to a substance over a long period of time, possibly resulting in adverse health effects

The body is better equipped to tolerate a chronic dose than an acute dose
The body has time to repair damage





More on the web
How much Radiation is harmful ?
One Time Whole Body Exposure to
Radiation (REMs)
Dose in REMs
Effect
0 - 25 No obvious Injury,No detectable effects,Probably no delayed effects
25 50 Possible blood changes, but no serious injury
50 100 Blood-cell changes, some injury, no disability
100 200 Nausea & Fatigue, Injury,possible disability, Shortening of life expectancy
200 - 400 Injury & Disability certain, death possible
400 50 % fatal
600 or more Fatal, Lethal dose
RAD falloutMap from testingIn the 50s and 60s..
Occupational Exposure
Limits- Guidelines
Type Occupational Dose
Limit
Non Radiation Worker
100 mR = .1 R
100 mRem/yr over
background
Radiation Worker
5,000 mR = 5 R
5,000 mRem /yr
over background
Emergency Worker
10,000 mR = 10 R
10,000 mRem
Protect valuable
Property
Emergency Worker
25,000 mR = 25 R
25,000 mRem Life
Saving
Emergency Worker If > 25,000 mRem
Life saving, volunteer
needs to be made
aware of risks
These
guidelines
Are taken
from the
Health
Physics
Society
Web Site..
OSHA Exposure
guidelines to
Radiation
Dispersal Devices
(RDD
Radiation Protection Concepts



So, now that you have a basic understanding of
radiation sources - how do you protect yourself?
There are three concepts in basic radiation protection.
They are:

Time Distance Shielding
Radiation Protection Concepts -
Time


If you decrease the amount of time you spend near the
source of radiation, you will decrease the amount of
radiation exposure you receive.

Think of it like a Sunburn.

This is similar to the way radiation exposure works.
100 mrem per hour x 15 min.(.25 hour) = 25 mrem

Radiation Protection Concepts -
Distance


The farther away you are
from a radiation source,
the less exposure you will
receive.

If you double the distance
from the source you cut
the radiation by ..
Triple the distance cut
exposure by 1/9 ..etc

This is called the Inverse
Square law

100 mrem / hr at 1 meter
25 mrem / hr at 2 meters
Radiation Protection Concepts -
Shielding


If you increase the shielding
between you and a radiation
source,
it will decrease your
exposure.

More..
Who Needs Radiation Detection
Instruments?

Radiation threats are unique in that you can't see, smell, taste, hear or feel them,
until it's already done its damage


The reasons for acquiring a radiation detecting survey meter, Geiger
counter and/or dosimeter are as varied as are peoples concerns for the
future and the safety of their families in this ever changing world.


Without a radiation detector you would have to depend solely on the
limited resources of the authorities to monitor your location, then
determine your risk level, decide the best protective action and then to
'get the word out'.

The specific causes of potential
life-threatening nuclear radiation
emergencies include...

Nuclear power plant accidents here or abroad (Three Mile Island, Chernobyl)
Nuclear materials processing plant accidents (Tokaimura, Japan)
Nuclear waste (radioactive waste from hospitals, spent fuel and radioactive waste from
nuclear power plants, radioactive contaminated materials, etc.) storage or processing facilities
mishaps
Nuclear waste transport truck or train accidents
Accidents involving non-waste, but normal daily nuclear materials transport (trucks, planes,
trains, couriers) One out every 50 HazMat shipments contain radioactive materials.
Approximately three million packages of radioactive material are shipped in the United States
each year.
Improper storage of radioactive materials (non-waste) at any point during their normal
material life cycle. (Power plants, Medical, Industrial, Academic, etc.)
Lost or stolen radioactive sources (Over the last 50 years, incidents of lost and stolen
licensed radioactive devices occur at the rate of once every other day. See this new report on
the magnitude of the problem.

U.S. Nuclear power plant map..
The specific causes of potential
life-threatening nuclear radiation
emergencies include... Cont

Nuclear terrorism here via...
An attack on, or sabotage of, a nuclear power plant.
Or, a real terrorist atomic bomb detonated here
Or, much more likely, conventional explosives used to disperse radioactive
materials to effectively contaminate an area and much within in it (i.e. DIRTY
NUKE)
Limited nuclear war overseas with the fallout carried here by the wind (See
Trans-Pacific Fallout for threat here if any of the 'players' went nuclear in the
Mid-East, or Pakistan, India, Korea, China, Russia, etc.)
Nuclear War involving a direct attack upon the USA.

Dirty Bomb Information & links ..
RAD fallout
Map from
testing
In the 50s
and 60s..
Nuclear & Radiological
Threats



Radiological Dispersal Devices (RDD) -Dirty Bombs

Improvised Nuclear Device (IND)

Stockpile Nuclear-Weapon


Nuclear & Radiological
Threats RDD



Radiological Dispersal Devices (RDD) -Dirty Bombs
Uses conventional high explosives to spread radioactive
material
Can use any radioactive material (mainly gamma emmitters)
Most likely: Cs137, Co60,Sr90,Ir192
Possible but less likely: Am241, Pu Isotopes , spent nuclear
fuel,uranium,thorium,Radium, medical isotopes
More of a Psychological and Economic weapon than a true WMD
Simple to build,fairly common radioactive materials


Nuclear & Radiological
Threats - IND




Improvised Nuclear Device (IND)
Plutonium - Pu-239 or Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU),
U-235
U-235 weak gamma emitter, no neutrons
Pu-239 slightly stronger gamma emitter, with
neutrons from trace Pu-240 Isotopes
Tremendous destructive power possible
Much more technically difficult than an RDD

Nuclear & Radiological
Threats - Stockpile




Stockpile Nuclear Weapon
More sophisticated than IND
Fission or thermonuclear weapon
Greatest level of death and destruction

In summary
As much as we would like it,At this time - there is not
one instrument that can do it all
44
Self study link
Dept of Energy (DOE) Transportation Emergency Preparedness
Program (TEPP) modules ..these modules are in PDF format
(printable format) and have a little test (with answers) at end of each
module (unit)

Radiological Basics Initial Response
Radiation terms & units Prehospital practices
Survey Meters &
Dosimetry

Decon,disposal,docume
ntation
Biological Effects

Patient Handling
Sample videos
Transportation accident
involving RAM..

Pre-Hospital clip..

Need Windows Media
Player 9 to view clips
North Dakota Department of Health..Web site
Be Aware and Prepare
Sep 2004
Newsletter..pdf by ND
Dept of Health
Further Links for study
North Dakota Department of Health
Center for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC)
Agency for Toxic Substances and
Disease Registration (ATSDR)
OSHA Nerve Gases
OSHA Blister Agents
OSHA Biological Agents
OSHA Radiation Dispersal Devices
RDD
NNSA Radiation Emergency response
manualpdf
Homeland Defense -SBCCOM
Equipment Testing Site

Be Aware and Prepare ND Dept
of Health September 2004 ..pdf
ABC News: The Invisible Weapon
PBS: Plague War
Common Sense about Anthrax and
Bioterrorism
Israel prepares for Smallpox
Vaccinations -9/2002
History of Chemical Warfare
Warfare Timeline
MSDS HyperGlossary
Noahs Ark- Nerve Agents and
their effects

Thanks for your attention
A copy of this presentation is
available on CD-ROM.

You need Power Point installed
on your computer to use the
CD-ROM

Test your knowledge..(just for fun)
Some of the questions are beyond the
Scope of this presentation.
Check your answers..
EPA test..(just for fun)
Contacts at Arrow-Tech, Inc
Toll Free 1 877- 477-6461 Fax (701) 477-
6464
arrowt@utma.com
www.arrowtechinc.com

Ron Disrud, Engineer- Radiation Safety
Officer (RSO) / Sales / Engineer
Darryl Charbonneau - General Manager
Perry LaFountain - RSO/Sales / Govt Sales
Doug Bonsness - Chief Financial Officer
Carol James - President
David Leas- RSO / Sales / IT
Curt Bonn Sales/Purchases
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