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    The Crisis During The 13th Century

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    Anjelica Madria
    The 13th century brought a crisis and decline of Indian cultural influence in Southeast Asia. The Mongol invasions weakened the Indianized kingdoms of Champa, Dai Viet, Cambodia, and Burma. This allowed many Tai principalities and kingdoms to form. Sanskrit language and Hindu-Buddhist culture decreased as Theravada Buddhism rose among the Tai peoples. The arts also took on more localized styles, marking the end of the direct Indian cultural era in Southeast Asia.

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    The Crisis During The 13th Century

    Uploaded by

    Anjelica Madria
    146 views29 pages
    The 13th century brought a crisis and decline of Indian cultural influence in Southeast Asia. The Mongol invasions weakened the Indianized kingdoms of Champa, Dai Viet, Cambodia, and Burma. This allowed many Tai principalities and kingdoms to form. Sanskrit language and Hindu-Buddhist culture decreased as Theravada Buddhism rose among the Tai peoples. The arts also took on more localized styles, marking the end of the direct Indian cultural era in Southeast Asia.

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    The decline of Indian cultural influence

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    The Crisis during the 13th century

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    The 13th century brought a crisis and decline of Indian cultural influence in Southeast Asia. The Mongol invasions weakened the Indianized kingdoms of Champa, Dai Viet, Cambodia, and Burma. This allowed many Tai principalities and kingdoms to form. Sanskrit language and Hindu-Buddhist culture decreased as Theravada Buddhism rose among the Tai peoples. The arts also took on more localized styles, marking the end of the direct Indian cultural era in Southeast Asia.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    146 views29 pages

    The Crisis During The 13th Century

    Uploaded by

    Anjelica Madria
    The 13th century brought a crisis and decline of Indian cultural influence in Southeast Asia. The Mongol invasions weakened the Indianized kingdoms of Champa, Dai Viet, Cambodia, and Burma. This allowed many Tai principalities and kingdoms to form. Sanskrit language and Hindu-Buddhist culture decreased as Theravada Buddhism rose among the Tai peoples. The arts also took on more localized styles, marking the end of the direct Indian cultural era in Southeast Asia.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 29

    THE CRISIS OF THE 13TH CENTURY

    AND THE DECLINE OF INDIAN CULTURAL INFLUENCE

    BEFORE THE

    TH 13

    CENTURY

    Champa and Dai Viet conflict led to the transfer of the capital of

    Champa to Binh-dinh area


    Dai Viet increased its pressure when the Ly Dynasty came to

    power
    Cambodia succeeded in occupying Champa twice in the 12th

    century
    The Chams sacked Angkor in 1177 Sanskrit culture continued to flourish through monuments and

    inscriptions

    The Pagan Dynasty was founded in Burma The literary arts blossomed in Pali In 1190, the Indian Culture introduced Sinhalese

    Buddhism
    In Cambodia, the Sanskrit culture is predominantly seen in

    inscriptions and temples built in the 12th century

    The Khmer Empire had two high points during the 12th

    century
    Suryavarman II led his armies to northern Vietnam and

    upper Menam Valley


    Jayavarman VII expanded the territory of the Khmer

    Empire

    During the 12th century, the Indianized states were firmly

    rooted to their tradition and culture


    The influence of Indian culture was very much alive in their

    language and works of art

    THE

    TH 13

    CENTURY CRISIS

    CHAMPA
    son

    The capital and the political center was moved from My A new conflict arose against Dai Viet and its new dynasty

    In 1220, the Khmers ended their occupation in Champa


    After this, King Jaya Parameshvaravarman II was

    enthroned
    He demanded retrocession of the three northern provinces

    which are the major cause of conflict between them and Dai Viet

    DAI VIET
    Tran Thu Do founded the new dynasty
    He arranged a marriage between his nephew, Tran Thai-

    tong, and the sister of the empress


    In 1240, Tran Thai-tong immediately named his son the

    heir apparent and passed the throne in 1258

    REFORMS OF TRAN THAI-TONG


    Provincial Administration Official Hierarchy

    Payment of Taxes
    Public Works of Irrigations

    Water Control

    DAI VIET
    Tran Thai-tong led an expedition against Champa in 1252 Shortly after the expedition, the Mongols invaded Dai Viet

    CAMBODIA
    Started showing signs of strain due to territorial expansion

    and the burden imposed by the two great warrior and builder kings
    Their vulnerability was shown by the invasion of the

    Chams in 1177
    Their dependencies and possessions broke free due to

    internal conflict
    Chen li fu and Lo-hu took advantage and broke their

    vassalage

    CAMBODIA
    They lost hold over the Tais in Menam and their two main

    centers: Sukhodaya and Shri Sajjanalaya (Sawankhalok)


    These twin cities were frontiers of three cultural and

    political zones: Khmers, Mons and Burmese


    Pha Muong conferred the title of Indrapatindraditya and

    married a Khmer princess

    CAMBODIA
    Pha Muong struggled with the governor of Sukhodaya with

    the help of Bang Klang Tao

    He proclaimed Bang Klang Tao as the King of Sukhodaya

    The Cambodians then lost the city but it was not

    catastrophic until the new kingdom displayed an expansionist policy over them
    The remains of Sukhodaya were evidences of pure

    Khmer style during the 12th century

    INVASION OF THE MONGOLS


    In 1260, Kublai became the Grand Khan
    He sought vassalage from the neighboring countries of the

    Sung Empire
    They failed to invade Japan in 1281 and a year after, they

    targeted Indochina

    INVASION OF THE MONGOLS


    In 1257, Uriyangadai invaded northern Vietnam and sent

    ambassadors to Tran Thai-tong


    The Mongols took revenge by proceeding to the south However, the heir apparent came to aid which forced the

    Mongols to withdraw
    In 1258, Tran Thanh-tong reigned Dai Viet

    INVASION OF THE MONGOLS


    It was during the reign of Tran Nhan-tong when they

    successfully resisted the Mongol attacks


    In 1282, the Mongols attacked Champa

    Indravarman V maintained a good relationship with Dai

    Viet by sending four embassies


    This action bore good fruit when the Mongols invaded

    INVASION OF THE MONGOLS


    The Mongols sent invitations to Champa but were declined Kublai decided to lead an expedition but Dai Viet refused

    to let them pass their lands towards Champa


    For two years, the Chams, led by King Indravarman, and

    the Mongols had a guerrilla warfare


    Sogetu returned to China in 1284

    INVASION OF THE MONGOLS


    Kublai sent his son to lead an expedition which will travel

    in Dai Viet no matter what the cost


    They attacked Dai Viet but were forced to withdraw to

    China when they were defeated in the delta area


    Sogetu tried a rear attack in Champa but were ambushed

    and massacred
    Indravarman V decided to send an ambassador to Kublai

    INVASION OF THE MONGOLS


    Sogetu, during his campaign against Champa, sent a

    small troop to attack the Khmer king in Cambodia


    Jayavarman VIII captured them but decided to pay tribute

    to Kublai in 1285
    Then in 1295, Jayavarman VIII passed the throne to

    Shrindravarman

    INVASION OF THE MONGOLS


    In 1287, the capital of Dai Viet was again attacked by the

    Mongols but were unable to hold their ground


    Tran Nhan-tong returned victorious but still tied vassalage

    with Kublai in 1288


    He gave the throne to Tran Anh-tong who sealed a

    matrimonial alliance with the Cham king, Che Man


    But after Che Man, the Cham king did not recognize the

    treaty between Dai Viet and led an expedition

    INVASION OF THE MONGOLS


    The Mongols took revenge in Burma to make up for their

    defeat against Dai Viet in 1287


    Kublai sent ambassadors to the Burmese king but they

    were killed
    Kublai avenged by killing the Burmese army occupying a

    Mongol territory
    There were several attempts by the Mongols but it posed

    no significance in their political campaigns

    INVASION OF THE MONGOLS


    Their attacks led to the independence of the Tais

    It was during this time when several principalities of Tai

    were founded and later became Shan States


    When the Mongols captured Pagan, it resulted to the

    disappearance of Burmese kingship and partition of territories


    Mangrai, Ngam Muong and Rama Khamheng concluded

    their pact of friendship

    CONCLUSION AND AFTERMATH


    OF THE 13TH CENTURY

    Brought decline to of the Indianized kingdoms Growth of a number of petty principalities and kingdoms

    ruled by Tais
    Change in membership of the ruling classes

    The political upheaval was accompanied by cultural

    changes

    Sanskrit was falling out of use The last Sanskrit inscriptions date from 1253 in Champa

    and 1330 in Cambodia


    The Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism gave way to a

    reformed type of Buddhism: Sinhalese Buddhism


    Buildings, statues and sculptures began to take contorted

    forms and were far from the Indian models

    In Cambodia, only mere copies of Buddhist terraces and

    pagodas were erected


    In Burma, the art of Pagan cease to flourish when the

    capital fell
    The Siamese style of Sukhodaya arose from the ruins of

    the 12th and 13th century art

    King Lu Tai wrote in 1357

    One hundred and thirty nine years before this date, the age of men, which used to reach to a hundred years, fell below this figure. From that year, the nobles and the high dignitaries, the Brahmans and the wealthy merchants gradually ceased to occupy the first place in society; also from that time, astrologers and physicians lost their prestige; from that time on they were no longer respected.

    The year 1218 marked the closing date of the reign of

    Jayavarman VIII
    It marked the beginning of the emergence of Tai

    principalities
    It was also when the Sinhalese Buddhism was introduced

    among the Tais

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