Presented by Asmaa Abdelhameed Ahmed
Presented by Asmaa Abdelhameed Ahmed
Presented by Asmaa Abdelhameed Ahmed
outlines
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Definition of hypertension. Classification of hypertension. Pathophysiology of hypertension. Etiology and risk factor of hypertension. Signs and symptoms of hypertension. Diagnostic evaluation of hypertension. Medical management of hypertension. Nursing management of hypertension
Definition of hypertension
Hypertension
refers to a state where a persons blood pressure remains at an elevated level at all times. This condition is formally known as arterial hypertension and is popularly called high blood pressure OR Hypertension is a disorder characterized by consistently high blood pressure as a systolic blood pressure greater than 140mmhg and a diastolic blood pressure greater than 90mmhg and called silent killer
Types of hypertension
Primary hypertension. 90 % to 95% of cases is unknown causes. Secondary hypertension. 5 % to 10% of cases is caused related to other diseases.
Kidney Abnormalities Narrowing of certain arteries Rare tumors Adrenal gland abnormalities Pregnancy
Race
-Higher incidence African Americans
Women with high blood pressure Birth Control Pill Pregnancy Overweight After Menopause African Americans
Risk Factors DiabeteMellitus Family History Advance age Obesity- Lifestyle Stress-Smoking
Pathophysiology
Kidney release RENIN into the bloodstream RENIN helps convert angiotensin I in liver Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II ( a potent vasoconstrictor) in lungs Angiotensin II
Diagnostic evaluation
* Chest X-rays may reveal an enlarged left ventricular. Urinalysis, creatinine clearance Serum electrolytes, glucose BUN and serum creatinine Serum lipid profile ECG Echocardiogram
Pharmological treatments
Diuretics ("water pills") increase the amount of sodium and water excreted into the urine by the kidneys. It is thought that they lower blood pressure mainly by reducing the volume of fluid in the blood vessels. Furosemide - Lasix Aldactone Beta-blockers Beta blockers block the effect of adrenaline on the cardiovascular system, slow the heart rate, and reduce stress on the heart and the arteries. Penbutolol - Levatol Propranolol - Inderal
Calcium Channel Blockers Calcium channel blockers can reduce blood pressure by dilating the arteries and, in some cases, reducing the force of the heart's contractions. Norvasc, and Lotrel Isoptin, and Covera Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors The angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (the "ACE inhibitors") can lower blood pressure by dilating the arteries. Lotensin -Zestril Captopril Capoten - Monopril
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers The angiotensin II receptor blockers (the "ARBs") also reduce blood pressure by dilating the arteries. Candesartan - Atacand Losartan Cozaar Combination Drugs For Hypertension - Capozide - Lotrel - Hyzaar
Blood pressure can be controlled not cured Decrease salt intake Eat for heart health Discuss the use of oral contraceptives with your doctor Discuss the use of some medications with your doctor\
Mercury sphygmomanomete
Aneroid equipment Automatic equipment
Nursing diagnosis Decreased Cardiac Output related to increased afterload , vasoconstriction, myocardial ischemia, ventricular hypertrophy Pain: headache related to increased cerebral vascular pressure Ineffective Tissue perfusion : cerebral, renal, cardiac related to circulatory disorder Knowledge Deficit related to lack of information about the disease process and selfcare
Complication
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Ischemic heart disease. pulmonary edema. Heart failure. Stroke. Neuropathy. Retinopathy. Peripheral artery disease.
Reference
WWW.Google.Com ( Nancy E. Smith and Barbara K. Timby 2007) Introductory medical surgical 9th Ed.